Table 4.
Multivariable, Multilevel Logistic Regression of the Change in the Odds of Any Compliance Among Educational Institutions From Wave 1 to Wave 2 (2012 vs. 2013) Overall and Stratified by City Size, Adjusting for City- and School-Level Random Intercepts
| Model 1 overall ( N = 553) | Model 2 rural towns ( n = 198) | Model 3 small cities a ( n = 115) | Model 4 mid-sized cities a ( n = 120) | Model 5 large cities a ( n = 120) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P b | OR (95% CI) | P b | OR (95% CI) | P b | OR (95% CI) | P b | OR (95% CI) | P b | |
| Wave | ||||||||||
| Wave 1 | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — |
| Wave 2 | 1.91 (1.31, 2.78) | .001 | 1.07 (0.59, 1.92) | .831 | 1.31 (0.51, 3.38) | .578 | 10.92 (2.69, 44.31) | .001 | 2.56 (1.05, 6.22) | .038 |
| City size a | ||||||||||
| Rural | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Small cities | 0.40 (0.14, 1.11) | .080 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mid-sized cities | 0.33 (0.12, 0.91) | .033 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Large cities | 0.46 (0.17, 1.27) | .134 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Region | ||||||||||
| North | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — |
| West | 0.58 (0.18, 1.85) | .355 | 0.94 (0.22, 3.95) | .932 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.40) | .005 | 14.21 (1.80, 112.06) | .012 | 0.11 (0.02, 0.70) | .019 |
| South | 1.02 (0.38, 2.78) | .966 | 0.93 (0.27, 3.21) | .907 | 0.49 (0.12, 1.92) | .303 | 1.44 (0.31, 6.64) | .643 | 1.38 (0.31, 6.09) | .667 |
| East | 0.35 (0.11, 1.11) | .075 | 0.55 (0.14, 2.22) | .405 | 0.04 (0.004, 0.33) | .003 | 4.34 (0.67, 28.07) | .123 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.53) | .009 |
| Institution level | ||||||||||
| Primary | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — |
| Secondary | 1.99 (1.31, 3.01) | .001 | 1.29 (0.69, 2.43) | .429 | 4.02 (1.15, 14.01) | .029 | 3.28 (0.94, 11.49) | .063 | 2.26 (0.83, 6.10) | .109 |
| College | 1.59 (0.88, 2.85) | .122 | 1.61 (0.55, 4.74) | .385 | 2.03 (0.44, 9.36) | .365 | 2.01 (0.42, 9.72) | .384 | 1.67 (0.45, 6.22) | .441 |
| Institution type | ||||||||||
| Private | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — | REF | — |
| Public | 1.05 (0.71, 1.55) | .813 | 1.35 (0.71, 2.58) | .359 | 0.98 (0.33, 2.92) | .973 | 1.27 (0.43, 3.79) | .667 | 0.80 (0.33, 1.94) | .616 |
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
a Small cities (fewer than half a million inhabitants), mid-sized cities (half a million to 1.9 million inhabitants), large cities (at least 2 million inhabitants).
b Bold typeface indicates P < .05.