Fig. 1. Proposal and experiment paradigm.

(A) We propose to use a sensory stimulator in parallel with EEG and decode whether the stimulation matches the sensory feedback corresponding to the user’s motor intention. The presented experiment simulated a wheelchair turning scenario and used a galvanic vestibular stimulator. (B) The participants were affixed with GVS electrodes during the EEG recording. The subliminal GVS induced a sensation of turning either right or left. (C) Experiment timeline: In each trial, using stereo speakers and a “high”-frequency beep, the participants were instructed to imagine turning either left or right while sitting on a rotating chair. A subliminal GVS was applied 2 s after the end of each cue, randomly corresponding to turning either right or left. This was followed by a rest period of 3 s cued by a “low”-frequency beep (stop cue).