Table 2.

Predictors of Chronic Opioid Prescription Among Workers Prescribed Opioids, 2003–2013

Covariate	Unadjusted Model*			Adjusted Model*
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
Age
26 – 35 (vs <26)	1.52	1.01	2.28	1.44	1.02	2.04
36 – 45 (vs <26)	1.89	1.29	2.78	1.67	1.19	2.34
46 – 55 (vs <26)	2.40	1.65	3.50	1.82	1.30	2.53
>55 (vs <26)	2.65	1.81	3.87	1.67	1.19	2.35
Male (vs female)	1.03	0.94	1.13	1.11	1.00	1.22
Race/Ethnicity
Black (vs White)	0.66	0.57	0.76	0.64	0.55	0.75
Hispanic (vs White)	0.57	0.47	0.69	0.60	0.49	0.74
Other race (vs White)	0.54	0.38	0.76	0.55	0.38	0.81
Salary (vs hourly)	0.74	0.66	0.82	0.74	0.67	0.82
Census Region
Midwest (vs Northeast)	1.77	1.53	2.05	1.63	1.40	1.89
South (vs Northeast)	1.43	1.24	1.65	1.65	1.42	1.92
West (vs Northeast)	1.67	1.38	2.02	1.83	1.51	2.22
Comorbid Conditions
ADHD	1.10	0.52	2.33	1.09	0.67	1.78
Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder	1.32	1.10	1.58	1.30	1.13	1.50
Low Back Pain	1.78	1.60	1.97	1.55	1.41	1.70
Other Back and Neck Pain	1.79	1.60	1.99	1.46	1.33	1.62
Neuropathic Pain	1.53	1.31	1.80	1.43	1.26	1.63
Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia	1.47	1.12	1.92	1.28	1.06	1.56
Headache	1.30	1.09	1.55	1.26	1.09	1.46
Nonopioid Use Disorder	1.28	0.96	1.70	1.27	1.02	1.59
Osteoarthritis	1.90	1.68	2.15	1.67	1.50	1.86
Diabetes Mellitus	1.31	1.11	1.54	1.11	0.96	1.28
Year
2004 (vs 2003)	1.04	0.77	1.39	0.99	0.78	1.27
2005 (vs 2003)	1.23	0.96	1.56	1.16	0.95	1.43
2006 (vs 2003)	1.38	1.10	1.73	1.28	1.05	1.56
2007 (vs 2003)	1.25	0.98	1.59	1.19	0.97	1.47
2008 (vs 2003)	1.63	1.29	2.05	1.58	1.29	1.92
2009 (vs 2003)	1.57	1.23	2.01	1.43	1.16	1.78
2010 (vs 2003)	1.90	1.50	2.41	1.71	1.39	2.10
2011 (vs 2003)	2.06	1.65	2.58	1.87	1.53	2.28
2012 (vs 2003)	2.57	2.07	3.19	2.34	1.93	2.83
2013 (vs 2003)	3.23	2.63	3.96	2.90	2.41	3.48

^*Analyzed using multivariate marginal (population-average) generalized linear models using generalized estimating equations (GEE)