Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, by subsequent cognitive progression vs. cognitive stability
| NCI at baseline | PD-MCI at baseline | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| NCI, Progressed (n=63) |
NCI, Stable (n=81) |
p | PD-MCI, Progressed (n = 86) |
PD-MCI, Stable (n = 248) |
p | |
| Demographic/Clinical Variables | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Age yrs | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 65.5 (7.3) | 60.7 (8.9) | 0.0008 | 71.2 (9.1) | 66.9 (8.0) | <0.0001 |
| range | 48.8 – 81.8 | 43.0 – 83.9 | 36.2 – 90.1 | 46.1 – 89.2 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Education yrs | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 16.0 (2.5) | 16.5 (2.5) | - | 15.6 (2.6) | 15.9 (2.5) | - |
| range | 12 – 20 | 12 – 20 | 9 – 20 | 8 – 20 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| N, % male | 38, 60.3 | 32, 39.5 | 0.01 | 66, 76.7 | 177, 71.4 | - |
|
| ||||||
| MDS UPDRS, Part 3 | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 22.2 (9.4) | 20.5 (9.9) | - | 28.5 (10.3) | 27.0 (12.2) | - |
| range | 5 – 47 | 3 – 56 | 10 – 57 | 3 – 66 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Hoehn and Yahr | ||||||
| median (range) | 2 (1 – 4) | 2 (1 – 3) | - | 2.5 (1.5 – 5) | 2 (1 – 5) | 0.006 |
|
| ||||||
| Disease duration yrs | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 8.3 (4.8) | 7.2 (4.8) | - | 9.5 (6.0) | 8.7 (6.2) | - |
| range | 1 – 21 | 0 – 21 | 1 – 25 | 0 – 32 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Follow up yrs | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 3.6 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.6) | - | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.5) | - |
| range | 1.3 – 6.9 | 1.1 – 6.9 | 1.0 – 6.8 | 0.9 – 7.2 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Veteran | ||||||
| N, % | 10, 23.8 | 8, 14.0 | - | 26, 44.1 | 60, 38.7 | - |
|
| ||||||
| APOE ε4 carrier | 11, 18.3 | 18, 21.0 | - | 17, 20.5 | 58, 23.7 | - |
| N, % | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| GBA mutation carrier | ||||||
| N, % | 7, 11.3 | 6, 7.4 | - | 6, 7.0 | 19, 7.7 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Head injury ever | ||||||
| N, % | 11, 29.7 | 12, 23.5 | - | 15, 30.0 | 41, 26.3 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol use, current | ||||||
| N, % | 28, 57.1 | 35, 53.9 | - | 22, 36.1 | 90, 46.9 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol use, ever | ||||||
| N, % | 37, 75.5 | 47, 72.3 | - | 44, 73.3 | 148, 75.9 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Tobacco use, ever | ||||||
| N, % | 20, 41.7 | 14, 24.1 | 0.05 | 28, 49.1 | 79, 41.2 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Tobacco use, current | ||||||
| N, % | 1, 2.0 | 1, 1.6 | - | 1, 1.7 | 5, 2.6 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Hachinski Ischemic Scale | ||||||
| median (range) | 0 (0 – 3) | 0 (0 – 6) | - | 0 (0 – 4) | 0 (0 – 4) | - |
|
| ||||||
| Hypertension (Y/N) | ||||||
| N,% | 21, 42.0 | 14, 21.2 | 0.02 | 24, 39.3 | 70, 36.8 | - |
|
| ||||||
| Cognitive Variables | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| MOCA | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 27.1 (2.0) | 27.9 (1.9) | 0.02 | 24.1 (2.4) | 25.1 (2.3) | 0.001* |
| range | 22 – 30 | 22 – 30 | 17 – 29 | 18 – 30 | ||
|
| ||||||
| HVLT-R Immediate Recall | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 26.4 (3.5) | 28.3 (3.0) | 0.001* | 19.1 (4.8) | 21.7 (4.4) | <0.0001* |
| range | 21 – 34 | 19 – 36 | 9 – 30 | 12 – 33 | ||
|
| ||||||
| HVLT-R Delayed Recall | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 9.3 (2.0) | 10.4 (2.1) | 0.004* | 5.5 (3.0) | 6.8 (3.2) | 0.001* |
| range | 1 – 12 | 0 – 12 | 0 – 11 | 0 – 12 | ||
|
| ||||||
| HVLT- R RDI | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 10.6 (2.0) | 11.1 (1.1) | - | 8.7 (2.5) | 9.3 (2.3) | 0.05 |
| range | 0 – 12 | 8 – 12 | 0 – 12 | 0 – 12 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Digit Symbol | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 48.4 (9.7) | 52.9 (10.4) | 0.01 | 34.1 (9.6) | 41.4 (10.6) | <0.0001* |
| range | 30 – 82 | 30 – 77 | 2 – 55 | 18 – 79 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Letter Number Sequencing | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 10. 6 (2.4) | 11.7 (2.4) | 0.01 | 7.9 (2.7) | 9.3 (2.4) | 0.0001* |
| range | 3 – 17 | 6 – 18 | 0 – 14 | 2 – 18 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Trailmaking Test, Part A | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 30.4 (10.6) | 27.8 (12.3) | - | 49.0 (23.9) | 36.9 (14.0) | <0.0001* |
| range | 13 – 65 | 15 – 116 | 17 – 150 | 16 – 112 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Trailmaking Test, Part B | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 71.3 (25.6) | 64.5 (36.7) | - | 153.1 (67.3) | 103.7 (52.7) | <0.0001* |
| range | 34 – 128 | 30 – 300 | 45 – 300 | 29 – 300 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Trailmaking Test, B - A | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 41.1 (21.7) | 36.7 (34.6) | - | 104.3 (60.6) | 66.3 (47.2) | <0.0001* |
| range | 13 – 110 | 7 – 272 | 20 – 258 | 7 – 264 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Semantic verbal fluency | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 21.4 (4.5) | 24.0 (4.3) | <0.001* | 16.2 (5.0) | 19.0 (4.7) | <0.0001* |
| range | 13 – 34 | 14 – 34 | 5 – 33 | 8 – 32 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Phonemic verbal fluency | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 46.6 (12.4) | 49.9 (12.1) | - | 35.9 (11.8) | 38.8 (11.1) | 0.04 |
| range | 23 – 93 | 22 – 90 | 15 – 66 | 8 – 81 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Judgment of Line Orientation | ||||||
| mean (sd) | 12.8 (2.0) | 13.2 (1.8) | - | 11.6 (2.0) | 12.2 (2.4) | 0.05 |
| range | 6 – 15 | 9 – 15 | 8 – 15 | 0 – 15 | ||
Abbrev: APOE, apolipoprotein; GBA, glucocerebrosidase; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MDS UPDRS, Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NCI, no cognitive impairment; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PD, Parkinson’s disease; RDI, recognition discriminability index; sd, standard deviation
*
p-values remain significant after applying a Bonferroni correctiion for multiple comparisons