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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Voice. 2017 Nov 10;33(1):96–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.10.002

Table 2.

Summary of undesirable voice changes, corresponding potential compensation strategies, and their limitations. * denotes voice changes due to respiratory system constraints.

Voice changes Compensation Maintain normal breath group duration Limitations
Increased noise (reduced HNR, Fig. 3k) Reduced Ps Yes Not so high intensity or F0
*Restricted falsetto-like voice production or phonation with extremely high F0 (Fig., 3h) High Ps and deep inspiration No Excessively high expiratory effort
Reduced F0 and F0 range of chest-like phonation (Fig. 3h) Rely solely on AP stiffness control by CT muscles for F0 control Yes Reduced F0 modulation; Strong CT activation may lead to vocal fold thinning and increased noise, and thus high respiratory effort
Restricted low-intensity voice production (Fig. 3g) Not possible
*Restricted high- intensity voice production (Fig. 3g) High Ps and deep inspiration Yes but require deep inspiration Increased noise and high expiratory effort