Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of pancreatic cancer cases and cancer‐free controls in the WHI Study, 1993–2013
| Characteristics (mean (SD) or %) | Cases (n = 472) | Controls (n = 802) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at randomization (year) | 65.4 (7.1) | 65.3 (7.1) | 0.91 |
| Race, % non‐Hispanic White | 409 (86.7) | 689 (85.9) | 0.71 |
| Education, % college or post graduate | 331 (70.1) | 542 (67.6) | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 (5.7) | 27.1 (5.6) | 0.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| BMI <25 | 168 (35.6) | 301 (37.5) | 0.11 |
| BMI 25–30 | 173 (36.6) | 320 (39.9) | |
| BMI ≥30 | 131 (27.8) | 181 (25.6) | |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) | 0.82 (0.08) | 0.81 (0.08) | 0.22 |
| WHR | |||
| WHR <0.8 | 226 (47.9) | 384 (52.1) | 1.00 |
| WHR ≥0.8 | 246 (47.9) | 418 (52.1) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smokers, % | 237 (50.2) | 428 (53.4) | 0.35 |
| Former smokers, % | 195 (41.3) | 315 (39.3) | |
| Current smokers, % | 36 (7.6) | 48 (6.0) | |
| Missing, % | 4 (0.9) | 11 (1.3) | |
| Physical activity (MET‐hour/week) | 12.4 (12.8) | 13.4 (14.2) | 0.22 |
| NSAIDs use, % yes | 102 (21.6) | 166 (20.7) | 0.70 |
| Treated type 2 diabetes, % yes | 30 (6.4) | 33 (4.1) | 0.08 |
| Pancreatitis, % yes | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 0.75 |
| 2nd‐degree family history of known cancers, % yes | 312 (66.1) | 527 (65.7) | 0.89 |
| Alcohol, % >1 drink/day | 70 (14.8) | 98 (12.2) | 0.18 |
| Total energy intake, Kcal | 1586 (688) | 1606 (692) | 0.61 |
| Protein, g/1000 Kcal | 42.4 (8.2) | 41.8 (7.6) | 0.24 |
| Total carbohydrate, g/1000 Kcal | 125 (22.9) | 128 (23.2) | 0.04 |
| Available carbohydrate, g/1000 Kcal | 115 (20.8) | 117 (20.9) | 0.04 |
| Total sugar, g/1000 Kcal | 61.4 (18.7) | 63.0 (19.0) | 0.15 |
| Total fat, g/1000 Kcal | 35.8 (9.4) | 35.5 (9.4) | 0.52 |
| Saturated fat, g/1000 Kcal | 12.0 (3.7) | 11.7 (3.6) | 0.13 |
| Red meat (servings/day) | 0.68 (0.6) | 0.66 (0.5) | 0.52 |
| Total vegetables (serving/day) | 1.55 (0.9) | 1.54 (1.0) | 0.78 |
| Total fruits (serving/day) | 1.30 (0.8) | 1.33 (0.9) | 0.41 |
| HRT trial assignment (active) (N, %) | 32 (6.8) | 57 (7.1) | 0.97 |
| Calcium/vitamin D intervention assignment (active) (N, %) | 45 (9.5) | 92 (11.5) | 0.55 |
| sRAGE (pg/mL) | 1366 (588) | 1436 (616) | 0.04 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 12.5 (8.3) | 12.6 (6.9) | 0.80 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 30.2 (25.4) | 31.4 (28.3) | 0.88 |
| MCP1 (pg/mL) | 239.0 (124) | 234.4 (144) | 0.57 |
| PAI1 (ng/mL) | 78.8 (24.5) | 76.7 (26.9) | 0.17 |
BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; WHR, waist–hip ratio.