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. 2018 May 9;8:7340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25309-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The evolutionary rates of mandible shape on the primate tree. The tree on the left reports rates computed according to phylogenetic Ridge Regression (coloured dots, scaled according to the rate value, from low = cyan, to high rates = magenta). The human clade, highlighted with a green semitransparent box, represents the only rate shift as indicated by the variable Brownian rate approach. On top right, the phylogenetic Ridge Regression rates (in absolute values) computed for the branches of the tree not belonging to the human clade (green) are contrasted to rates for the human clade (blue). On bottom right, phylogenetic Ridge Regression rates of individual branches of the human clade (in absolute value) plus the human clade sister species, the common chimpanzee, are collated in increasing rate value (blue bars), and contrasted to the average rate computed over the entire tree (the vertical red line). Bars without names correspond to internal nodes of the human clade. The image was generated by using the R package ggplot (http://ggplot2.org/) and our own R codes. Animal silhouettes were available under Public Domain license at phylopic (http://phylopic.org/), unless otherwise indicated. Specifically, clockwise starting from the bottom, Macaca (http://phylopic.org/image/eedde61f-3402-4f7c-9350-49b74f5e1dba/); Homo sapiens (http://phylopic.org/image/c089caae-43ef-4e4e-bf26-973dd4cb65c5/); Hylobates (http://phylopic.org/image/0174801d-15a6-4668-bfe0-4c421fbe51e8/); Cebus (http://phylopic.org/image/156b515d-f25c-4497-b15b-5afb832cc70c/) available for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) image by Sarah Werning; Tarsius (http://phylopic.org/image/f598fb39-facf-43ea-a576-1861304b2fe4/); lemuriformes (http://phylopic.org/image/eefe8b60-9a26-46ed-a144-67f4ac885267/), available for reuse under Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) image by Smokeybjb; Plesiadapis (http://phylopic.org/image/b6ff5568-0712-4b15-a1fd-22b289af904d/), available for reuse under Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) image by Nobu Tamura (modified by Michael Keesey).