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. 2018 May 9;8:7340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25309-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Multivariate angle comparisons among non-hominin apes, Homo species and the australopiths, assessed through multivariate angles between rate vectors. In (a) angles of Homo, australopiths, and non-hominin greater apes (Great Apes) are depicted starting from the common origin (the ancestor of all these species). The range of angles for each group is highlighted: Homo, transparent blue; Australopiths, transparent green; Great Apes, transparent orange. Vector length is proportional to actual vector size (i.e. the evolutionary rate). In (b) the same as with (a) but including lesser apes (Hylobatidae) highlighted in transparent purple. In (c) the angles in (a) are tested for significance by shuffling the rates among groups 10,000 times, real differences are indicated by the color bars. In (d) the angles in (b) are tested for significance by shuffling the rates among groups 10,000 times, real differences are indicated by color bars.