Table 4.
Studies examining social cognition in Turner syndrome (TS).
| Reference | N | Mean age in years (range) | Full scale intelligence quotient (SD) [range] | Mental age (MA), verbal mental age (VMA), and non verbal mental age (NVMA) (SD) [range] | Comparison group | Social cognition domain (task) | Data analysis | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (85) | 26 | 30.58 | – | – | Typically developing (TD) | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) Ability to spontaneously attribute mental state (social-attribution task) |
T-test ANOVA |
TS women are less accuracy in recognition of fear (p < 0.05) and sadness (p = 0.052) than TD group TS women being less accurate in describing the animations than TD women (p = 0.05) |
| (86) | 51 | 25.1 (15–44) | – | – | Partial X chromosome deletion + TD | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) | MANOVA | Children and women with TS showed a specific impairment for the recognition of fearful (p < 0.0001) and angry faces (p < 0.006) |
| (87) | 14 | 10.1 (6.92–12.92) | 90.43 (12.74) | – | TD | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) Affective theory of mind (NEPSY-II) |
ANOVA | Girls with TS were significantly less accurate in the classification of fearful faces compared with TD controls (p = 0.007), however, did not differ in accuracy for the other emotions (happy: p = 0.073, neutral: p = 0.106, scrambled: p = 0.179) |
| (88) | 23 | 24.6 (18–36) | – | – | TD | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) | ANOVA | Fear and anger were significantly less well recognized by women with TS than controls: for fear (p < 0.01); for anger (p < 0.01) |
| (89) | 18 | 32.6 (18–63) | 104.8 (16.3) | – | TD | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) | MANOVA | The TS group were significantly impaired in recognizing fear relative to control females, p < 0.013. None of the other emotions showed significant difference between the two groups |
| (90) | 40 | 25.44 (19–33) | 90.68 (9.30) [75–106] | – | Noonan syndrome + TD | Identification of dynamic facial expression (labeling task) | ANOVA | The mixed between-within subjects ANOVA revealed no significant effect of Group, indicating that the three groups did not significantly differ in accuracy of emotion perception |
| (91) | 71 | 27 (17–50) | 96 (9) | – | TD | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) | ANOVA | In comparison with TD group, women with TS showed a specific impairment for the recognition of fear (p = 0.001) and angry (p = 0.001) faces |
| (92) | 94 | 31.2 | 98 (10) | – | Women with premature ovarian failure + TD | Identification of static facial expressions (labeling task) | ANCOVA | The TS group had difficulty to recognize “anger” (p = 0.005), but no “happy,” “sad,” “fear,” “surprise,” and “disgust” |