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. 2018 May 3;9:581. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00581

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Copyright © 2018 Rydahl, Hansen, Kračun and Mravec.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The mechanisms of oligosaccharide probes and examples of their usage. (A) Homogalacturonan (HG) with a low degree of esterification (DE) can be detected by positively charged chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) or by calcium-mediated complexation to long oligogalacturonides (OG7-13) as a form of artificial egg box formation (Mravec et al., 2014, 2017b). (B) Incorporation of tagged xyloglucan (XGO) oligosaccharides to xyloglucan backbone by an activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs). This can be used to visualize the presence of both, a xyloglucan backbone and XET activity. (C,D) Two examples of in situ usage of COS oligosaccharide probes. (C) Triple labeling of stem parenchyma with COS⁴⁸⁸ (green), Calcofluor White (blue) and JIM7 antibody (red). Note the specific labeling of the middle lamella and triangular junctions with COS⁴⁸⁸. (D) Labeling of intricate cell wall structures in single cell green alga Penium margaritaceum with COS⁴⁸⁸ (green). The red signal is due to chlorophyll autofluorescence. For the original experiments see Mravec et al. (2014).