Table 7.

Examples of fluorophores binding cell wall components.

Molecular probe	Binding site	Spectral Properties	References
Calcofluor White M2R (Fluorescent Brightener 28)	β-D-glucans (e.g. cellulose and chitin)	λex 347 nm/λem 430 nm	Harrington and Hageage, 2003
Aniline Blue Fluorophore (sirofluor)	(1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (callose)	λex 390 nm/λem 480 nm	Evans and Hoyne, 1982; Stone et al., 1982
Propidium iodide (PI)	Acidic polymers	λex 482 nm/λem 608 nm	Rounds et al., 2011
Pontamine Scarlet 4B (direct red23)	Cellulose microfibrils	λex 510 nm/λem 570 nm	Anderson et al., 2010; Liesche et al., 2013