Table 1.

Demographics, self‐report questionnaires, and learning and memory performance of patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls

	MS patients (n = 38)	HCs (n = 29)	p
Age, years	47.19 ± 8.01	43.90 ± 8.40	.108
F/M	26/12	18/11	.587b
Educational levela	6.00 (5.00–6.00)	6.00 (5.00–6.00)	.785
RRMS/SPMS	30/8	–	–
Disease duration, years	11.24 ± 7.16	–	–
EDSSa	3.50 (3.50–4.50)	–	–
HADS‐Aa	6.00 (4.00–10.00)	3.00 (2.00–6.00)	.002
HADS‐Da	4.00 (3.00–7.25)	1.00 (0.00–2.50)	<.001
CIS‐20a	77.50 (57.00–89.25)	26.00 (16.50–47.00)	<.001
Z‐score verbal learning and memorya	−0.50 (−1.71–0.19)	0.16 (−0.78–0.83)	.018
Z‐score visuospatial learning and memorya	−0.77 (−2.45–0.07)	0.30 (−0.26–0.86)	.001
Number of cognitively impaired patient	12	–	–

Displayed data are mean ± SD for normally distributed variables. For non‐normally distributed data, median (interquartile range) is provided.

A, anxiety; CIS‐20, Checklist of Individual Strength; D, depression; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; F, female; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; M, male; RRMS, relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

^aNon‐normally distributed variable.

^bChi‐square test.