. 2017 Dec 21;23(1):9. doi: 10.3390/molecules23010009

Table 2.

MNPs biomedical applications.

MNPs	Magnetic	Mechanism	Model	Results	Toxicity	Ref.
Au + Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ (permalloy) 1 μm radius disk-shaped	Dynamic 1 T at 20 Hz rotating	Vortex shaped rotation	In vivo mice glioma	Increased survival	No change in histology No side effects	[50]
pEGFP/p53 conjugated	Static	Gene therapy + magnetofection	In vitro BBB + glioblastoma	Increased induced apoptosis	-	[51]
Aptamer conjugated dextran coated	Alternate 9.55 kA/m at 1 Hz	3D Rotating nanosurgeons	In vitro glioblastoma	Increased induced apoptosis	-	[52]
Octadecyl-quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan	Static 0.5 T	Delivery loaded paclitaxel	In vivo rats glioma	Increased survival Prolonged bioavailability	Reduced side-effects	[53]
Inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 conjugated	Static 0.8 T	Crossing BBB and regulation of metalloproteinases	In vitro BBB + HIV infection	Recovery in spine density ROS and HIV infection level decrease	Unchanged TEER and cells viability	[54]
Bilayers: Tenofovir + dextran Sulphate + vorinostat	Static 0.08 T 6 h	Crossing BBB and antiretroviral therapy	In vitro BBB + HIV infection	HIV infection level decrease Prolonged bioavailability	Unchanged TEER and cells viability	[55]
Azidothymidine 5′-triphosphate loaded CoFe₂O₄@BaTiO₃	Static 22 Oe/cm 6 h Alternate 66 Oe at 100 Hz 5 min	Crossing BBB and controlled release of antiviral drug	In vitro BBB + HIV infection	Functional and structural integrity of the drug after the release	High cell viability	[56]
Beclin1 siRNA binded CoFe₂O₄@BaTiO₃	Static 0.8 T 3 h	Crossing BBB and regulate autophagy	In vitro BBB + HIV infection	Attenuate HIV-1 replication and viral-induced inflammation	Unchanged TEER and occludin expression	[57]
Morphine antagonist, CTOP conjugated	Static 0.5 T	Crossing BBB and drug delivery	In vitro BBB + HIV infection	Recovery in spine density Prevention of morphine induced apoptosis	High cell viability Unchanged TEER	[59]
PEG shell	Alternate 15 kA/m 500 KHz	Heat-sensitive capsaicin receptor TRPV1 activated by magnetothermal genetic stimulation	In vitro neurons + in vivo mice	On demand activation of neurons in deep nuclei (VTA)	Lower glial activation and macrophage accumulation compared to implant	[60]
CoFe₂O₄-BaTiO₃ GMO coated	Static 3000 Oe/cm Alternate 100 Oe at 0–20 Hz	Crossing and concentrate in brain then modulate neural activity	In vitro + in vivo mice	EEG detectable modulation activity of 1 mV	No toxicity for astrocytes and blood cells in vitro	[61]
Co-ferrite core and Mn-ferrite shell Polymer PMA coated	Alternate 7–30 kA/m at 412–570 KHz	Heat-sensitive capsaicin receptor TRPV1 activated by magnetothermal genetic stimulation	In vitro neurons + in vivo mice	On demand evoked motor cortex ambulation, striatum rotation or freezing	-	[62]
GFP-tagged ferritin	Alternate 23–31 mT at 465 kHz	Heat-sensitive capsaicin receptor TRPV1 activated by magnetothermal genetic stimulation	In vitro neurons + in vivo mice	Glucose-sensing hypothalamus neurons modulate feed behavior	-	[63]
Starch-coated	Static 150 mT	Magnetic force open neuron channels	In vitro neuron	Mechanical opening of N-type mechanosensitive Ca²⁺ channels	Reversibility of opening	[65]
Starch and chitosan coated	Static 150 mT	Magnetic force open neuron channels	In vitro neuron	Mechanical opening of N-type mechanosensitive Ca²⁺ channels	Unchanged cell viability, reversibility of opening	[66]
Ferumoxide-labeled human neural stem cells	Static 0.32 T	Magnetic targeting	In vivo stroke rats	Better targeting and recovery in a stroke model	Unchanged differentiation into neurons or astrocytes	[68,69]
Dextran-coated	Alternate 1–6 A at 0.25–2 Hz 10 min	Osmotin load targeting in hippocampus and delivery	In vitro + in vivo AD rats	Memory improvement Reduced protein accumulation and synaptotoxicity	Unchanged viability No apoptosis No BBB leakage	[70,71]
Oleic acid-coated	3 days	Gene therapy delivery Alpha-Synuclein RNAi Plasmid	In vitro + in vivo PD mice	Motor improvement Reduced neurodegeneration	No organ damage Normal blood test 12 days	[73]
Uncoated Fe₃O₄	Alternate 2 h/d for 1 week	Synergic effect of magnetic stimulation and MNPs	In vivo PD rats	Motor improvement/recover feeding behavior Reduced ROS and lesion volume	Normal mitochondrial activity	[74]