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. 2018 Mar 22;10(2):11. doi: 10.1038/s41368-018-0008-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surface analysis of MAO-treated implant and SF implant. A: a MAO-treated implant, b SF implant. B: SEM images of the surface topography. a MAO-treated implant, b SF implant. C: EDS spectra from the surface of the MAO-treated implant. EDS energy dispersive X-ray analysis, MAO microarc oxidation, SF smooth surface