Table 1.
Metabolic alterations between the group of diabetic male (Md) and the group of non-/prediabetic male (M) NZO mice in plasma, tissues, and phenotypic traits.
| Metabolite | Abbreviation | Fold changes Md : M | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | Liver | Adipose tissue | Muscle | Kidney | Heart | ||
| Heptanoyl-C | C7 | 3.21 ∗ | 3.98 † | 1.33 | 1.25 | 1.18 | 1.51 |
| Pentanoyl-C | C5 | 2.31 ∗ | 1.87 ǂ | 1.86 | 1.55 ∗ | 1.40 | 1.73 ǂ |
| Glucose | Glc | 2.10 † | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 |
| Crotonyl-C | C4:1 | 2.07 ∗ | 0.92 | 1.56 | 1.71 | 3.03 | 1.29 |
| Hexanoyl-C | C6 | 2.04 ∗ | 1.89 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 0.98 | 1.52 |
| 2-Methylbutyryl-C | 2-M-C4 | 2.04 ∗ | 1.73 ∗ | 1.28 | 1.41 | 1.47 | 1.61 ∗ |
| Isobutyryl-C | 2-M-C3 | 1.99 ∗ | 0.81 | 1.25 | 1.34 | 0.97 | 0.65 |
| Isovaleryl-C | 3-M-C4 | 1.97 ∗ | 0.64 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.52 | 1.44 ǂ |
| Nonanoyl-C | C9 | 1.90 † | 5.35† | 1.24 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 1.12 |
| Propionyl-C | C3 | 1.88 ∗ | 1.17 | 1.28 | 1.05 | 1.30 | 1.30 |
| Methacrylyl-C | 2-M-C3:1 | 1.88 ǂ | 0.90 | 1.45 ∗ | 2.63 ǂ | 3.03 | 1.60 |
| Butyryl-C | C4 | 1.74 | 0.87 | 1.16 | 1.44 ǂ | 1.14 | 1.14 |
| 3-Methylcrotonyl-C | 3-M-C4:1 | 1.73 | 0.92 | <LOQ ¶ | 1.28 | 1.33 | 1.60 ǂ |
| Octanoyl-C | C8 | 1.66 | 3.13 ∗ | 0.95 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 1.15 |
| Tiglyl-C | 2-M-C4:1 | 1.52 | 1.17 | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1.69 | 1.45 ∗ |
| Isoundecanoyl-C | iso-C11:0 | 1.45 | 5.86 † | 1.28 | 0.88 | 1.44 | 2.29 |
| α-Aminobutyrate | AAB | 1.34 | 1.66 ǂ | 1.32 | 1.15 | 1.48 | 1.39 |
| Glutamine | Gln | 1.31 ∗ | 0.98 | 1.21 ǂ | 0.90 | 1.13 | 0.99 |
| Hydroxybutyryl-C-b | C4-OH b | 1.31 | 0.75 | 1.27 | 1.77 ∗ | 1.07 | 1.46 |
| Isoleucine | Ile | 1.30 | 1.01 | 1.38 ∗ | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.09 |
| Phenylalanine | Phe | 1.27 ǂ | 1.19 | 1.18 | 0.97 | 1.13 | 1.12 |
| β-Alanine | β-Ala | 1.15 | 2.07 ǂ | 1.37 | 0.94 | 1.29 | 1.16 |
| γ-Aminobutyric acid | GABA | 1.08 | 1.38 | 4.02 | 1.11 | 1.54 ∗ | 1.20 |
| Tryptophan | Trp | 1.05 | 3.83 | 1.34 | 1.16 | <LOQ ¶ | 1.47 ǂ |
| Hydroxybutyryl-C-a | C4-OH a | 1.01 | 0.77 | 1.29 | 1.80 † | 0.97 | 1.00 |
| Arginine | Arg | 0.91 | 0.85 | 1.04 | 0.57 ǂ | 0.84 | 0.82 |
| 3-Methyl-Histidine | 3M-His | 0.90 | 1.29 ǂ | 1.28 | 0.98 | 1.23 | 1.02 |
| Methylglutaryl-C | C5-M-DC | 0.62 | 0.75 | 1.34 ǂ | 0.97 | 0.74 | 1.12 |
| Cystine | Cys-Cys | 0.46 ∗ | 2.44 ǂ | 1.63 | 1.20 | 1.48 | 1.85 |
| Undecanoyl-C | C11 | 0.19 | 3.18 † | 1.69 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 0.75 |
| Isotridecanoyl-C | iso-C13:0 | 0.14 | 4.33 ∗ | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.41 | 1.18 |
Differences in plasma- and tissue-derived ACs and AAs between diabetic male NZO mice (Md) and non-/prediabetic male mice (M). Metabolites with p values above 0.05 are shown since the study aims for a holistic approach to define metabolite profiles for diabetic conditions rather than identifying single markers for T2DM. Results were considered as significant at a threshold of α < 0.05. LOQ = limit of quantification; C = carnitine. ¶<LOQ; †0.001 < p < 0.01; ∗0.01 < p < 0.05; and ǂ0.05 < p < 0.1.