Table 1.
Description of included studies
| Study and study location | Prescribed medication class | Duration of follow-up | Study design | Average/median age (years) | Database | Level of measurement | Predictors of primary nonadherence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aznar-Lou et al;26 2017, Spain | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering Antidepressants |
1 month | R.cohort | 52.4 | Administrative | Prescription | No comorbidities, diseases other than diabetes, young female prescribing GP, GP in training |
| Bauer et al;15 2014, USA | Antidepressants | 2 months | R.cohort | 58 | Administrative | Patient | Lack of involvement in decision making |
| Casebeer et al;27 2009, USA | Lipid-lowering | 4 months | CT | 58 | Hospital | Patient | No social support: absence of educational programs |
| Chan et al;3 2004, Canada | Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering |
60 months | R.cohort | 70 | Hospital | Patient | – |
| Cheetham et al;28 2013, USA | Lipid-lowering | 3 months | R.cohort | 57a | Administrative | Patient | Black race, polymedication |
| Derose et al;29 2013, USA | Lipid-lowering | 3 months | RCT | 56.1 | Administrative | Patient | No social support: absence of text reminder, no drug coverage |
| Ewen et al;30 2015, Germany | Antihypertensives | 6 months | P.cohort | 62.7 | Hospital | Patient | – |
| Fischer et al;31 2015, USA | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering |
0.5 months | RCT | 53.2 | Hospital | Patient | – |
| Fischer et al;12 2010, USA | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering Antidepressants |
12 months | R.cohort | 44.3 | Administrative | Prescription | New prescriptions |
| Freccero et al;32 2016, Sweden | Antidepressants | 1 month | R.cohort | 48.2 | Administrative | Patient | Country of origin, young age, marital status (divorce) |
| van Geffen et al;33 2009, the Netherland | Antidepressants | 1 month | R.cohort | 48.5 | Hospital | Patient | New prescriptions |
| Jackevicius et al;34 2008, Canada | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering Antidepressants |
1 month | R.cohort | 76.3 | Administrative | Prescription | Older age, higher income, more medications |
| Karter et al;35 2009, USA | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering |
2 months | R.cohort | 61.2 | Administrative | Patient | – |
| Kerner et al;36 2017, USA | Antihypertensives | 1 month | P.cohort | 63.9 | Hospital | Patient | No social support: absence of messages and calls |
| Linnet et al;19 2012, Iceland | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Antidepressants |
1 month | R.cohort | – | Administrative | Prescription | Cost |
| O’Connor et al;37 2014, USA | Hypoglycemics | 2 months | RCT | 61.7 | Administrative | Patient | No social support: absence of telephone support |
| Raebel et al;25 2012, USA | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering |
1 month | R.cohort | 59.2 | Administrative | Patient | Race, smoking, less care contacts, comorbidities, cost |
| Shah et al;38 2008, USA | Hypoglycemics | 1 month | R.cohort | 49 | Administrative | Patient | Cost, good health |
| Shah et al;39 2009, USA | Antihypertensives | 1 month | R.cohort | 47 | Administrative | Patient | Female, comorbidities, older age, less severe disease |
| Shin et al;16 2012, USA | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering Antidepressants |
3 months | R.cohort | 46.5 | Administrative | Prescription | Minority race, lower income, greater number of prescriptions on the index date |
| Tamblyn et al;40 2014, Canada | Hypoglycemics Antihypertensives Lipid-lowering |
9 months | P.cohort | 61.6 | Hospital | Prescription | New prescriptions, young age, cost, lower health visits |
| Thengilsdóttir et al;14 2015, Iceland | Lipid-lowering Antidepressants |
12 months | R.cohort | 58.7 45.4 | Administrative | Prescription | Female gender, cost |
| Trinacty et al;41 2009, USA | Hypoglycemics | 1 month | R.cohort | 51 | Administrative | Patient | – |
| Xing et al;42 2011, USA | Antidepressants | 24 months | R.cohort | 51.5 | Administrative | Prescription | New prescriptions, young age |
Notes: Database: the data source, that is, administrative (from large admin databases), hospital (from clinic or hospital records). Level of measurement: primary nonadherence could have been measured as the proportion of participants (patient level of measurement) failing to fill their prescription or the proportion of prescriptions not filled (prescription level of measurement).
a
The age obtained from this particular study was a median value (unlike the others which were means).
Abbreviations: CT, controlled trial; GP, General Practitioner; PMNA, primary medication nonadherence; P.cohort, prospective cohort; R.cohort, retrospective cohort; RCT, randomized controlled trial.