TABLE 1—
Analysis Variables by Outcome: Seattle Social Development Project; Seattle, WA; 2005–2014
| Variable | All (n = 731), Mean (SD) or % | Alcohol Disordera (n = 199), Mean (SD) or % | Nicotine Disordera (n = 173), Mean (SD) or % | Marijuana Disordera (n = 96), Mean (SD) or % | Depressiona (n = 160), Mean (SD) or % | Poor Healthb (n = 319), Mean (SD) or % | Obesityc (n = 332), Mean (SD) or % |
| Main effect: age of initiation, y | 15.72 (2.39) | 15.24 (2.06) | 14.79 (2.03) | 14.40 (1.99) | 15.35 (2.27) | 15.23 (0.66) | 15.22 (2.19) |
| Mediators | |||||||
| STI | 17.6 | 18.2 | 22.9 | 26.1 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 20.1 |
| Adolescent pregnancy | 24.3 | 23.6 | 35.0 | 40.2 | 33.7 | 29.6 | 29.8 |
| High number of sexual partners | 28.5 | 48.6 | 40.3 | 59.5 | 33.8 | 31.7 | 28.5 |
| Controls | |||||||
| Early substance used | 0.22 (0.51) | 0.27 (0.60) | 0.35 (0.71) | 0.34 (0.75) | 0.24 (0.46) | 0.26 (0.59) | 0.26 (0.59) |
| Early internalizingd | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.11) |
| Early overweightd | 0.16 (0.42) | 0.15 (0.42) | 0.21 (0.46) | 0.22 (0.49) | 0.23 (0.50) | 0.22 (0.50) | 0.22 (0.50) |
| Externalizingd | 0.23 (0.34) | 0.28 (0.36) | 0.36 (0.43) | 0.35 (0.43) | 0.24 (0.33) | 0.26 (0.35) | 0.26 (0.35) |
| Black | 25.6 | 26.1 | 28.9 | 40.6 | 33.8 | 29.8 | 33.7 |
| Asian American | 21.9 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 20.1 | 14.5 |
| Native American | 5.3 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 3.1 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 5.4 |
| Male | 51.0 | 63.8 | 59.0 | 68.8 | 35.6 | 48.0 | 46.4 |
| Low childhood SES | 52.4 | 44.2 | 57.8 | 51.0 | 56.9 | 58.6 | 56.9 |
| Pubertal age, y | 12.49 (1.63) | 12.41 (1.59) | 12.07 (1.86) | 12.18 (1.78) | 12.08 (1.72) | 12.27 (1.66) | 12.27 (1.66) |
| Sexual abuse | 10.6 | 12.8 | 17.7 | 16.1 | 24.0 | 13.3 | 13.5 |
Note. SES = socioeconomic status; STI = sexually transmitted infection.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)26 diagnoses for alcohol or marijuana abuse or dependence, nicotine dependence, and major depressive disorder were based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule27 at each time point (at ages 30, 33, and 39 years). If respondents met diagnostic criteria in any of the 3 assessments, disorder was coded as 1 (0 otherwise).
Participants were asked “How would you describe your general health?” Response options of “fair” and “poor” were coded as 1, and “excellent” and “good” were coded as 0 for a measure of poor health.
Interviewer-measured height and weight were used to calculate body mass index at each time point; the maximum value was used in analyses to calculate whether participants met criteria for being obese. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Average frequency of use of nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana in grades 5, 6, and 7 (1 = never; 2 = once or twice; 3 = 3 or 4 times; 4 = more than 4 times in the past month).