Publication year |
Before 2001 |
1 (1.89) |
2002–2005 |
2 (3.77) |
2006–2010 |
18 (33.96) |
2011–2015 |
21 (39.62) |
2016–2017 |
11 (20.75) |
Location |
Australia |
1 (1.89) |
Canada |
4 (7.55) |
Denmark |
2 (3.77) |
France |
1 (1.89) |
Global or multiple countries |
2 (3.77) |
Netherlands |
3 (5.66) |
Sweden |
1 (1.89) |
United Kingdom |
8 (15.09) |
United States |
31 (58.49) |
Detroit, MI area |
6 (11.32) |
Chicago, IL area |
4 (7.55) |
Methods |
Qualitative |
7 (13.21) |
Quantitative |
34 (64.15) |
Cross-sectional |
30 (56.60) |
Cross-sectional (repeated) |
3 (5.66) |
Longitudinal |
1 (1.89) |
Mixed methods |
2 (3.77) |
Review (systematic or narrative) |
10 (18.87) |
Included a measure or proxy measure of discrimination |
No |
36 (67.92) |
Yes |
17 (32.08) |
Health outcome (not mutually exclusive categories) |
Mental health |
24 (45.28) |
Physical health and related health behaviors |
13 (24.53) |
Both mental and physical health |
10 (18.87) |
Health care seeking |
7 (13.21) |
Sample size |
None given |
10 (18.87) |
1–100 |
9 (16.98) |
101–1000 |
23 (43.40) |
> 1000 |
11 (20.75) |
Measured religion or religiosity |
No |
34 (64.15) |
Yes |
19 (35.85) |
Source of article |
PubMed systematic search |
34 (64.15) |
Other |
19 (35.85) |
Final score for bias assessment |
Low |
4 (7.55) |
Moderate |
6 (11.32) |
Serious |
14 (26.42) |
Critical |
10 (18.87) |
Not applicable |
19 (35.85) |