| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male (n = 153) |
71 (46.4) |
|
54 (36.7) |
0.87 |
9 (8.4) |
|
15 (9.8) |
0.7 |
| Female (n = 147) |
82 (55.7) |
0.37 |
34 (22.2) |
|
28 (14.5) |
0.37 |
16 (10.9) |
|
| Age (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6–9 (n = 107) |
51 (47.7) |
|
21 (19.6) |
|
11 (33.6) |
|
6 (5.6) |
|
| 10–15 (n = 193) |
102 (52.8) |
0.46 |
67 (34.7) |
0.03 |
26 (37.8) |
0.38 |
25 (13) |
0.21 |
| Residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban (n = 257) |
135 (52.5) |
0.52 |
72 (28) |
|
35 (13.7) |
0.042 |
24 (9.3) |
|
| Rural (n = 43) |
18 (41.9) |
|
16 (37.2) |
0.35 |
2 (4.5) |
|
7 (16.3) |
0.49 |
| Mother’s education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Illiterate (n = 130) |
56 (43.1) |
|
41 (31.5) |
|
10 (7.7) |
|
15 (11.5) |
|
| Elementary completed (n = 71) |
29 (40.8) |
|
13 (18.3) |
|
6 (8.3) |
|
7 (9.9) |
0.92 |
| Highschool completed (n = 55) |
33 (60) |
0.04 |
19 (34.5) |
0.24 |
10 (18.2) |
|
6(10.9) |
|
| College and above (n = 44) |
35 (79.5) |
|
15 (34.1) |
|
11 (25.6) |
0.002 |
3 (6.8) |
|
| Father’s education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Illiterate (n = 87) |
42 (48.3) |
|
29 (33.3) |
0.74 |
3 (3.4) |
|
13(14.9) |
0.29 |
| Elementary completed (n = 100) |
45(45) |
|
29 (29) |
|
15 (15) |
|
5 (5) |
|
| Highschool completed (n = 61) |
33 (54.1) |
0.59 |
15 (24.6) |
|
9 (14.8) |
|
8(13.1) |
|
| College and above (n = 52) |
33 (53.2) |
|
15 (28.8) |
|
10 (23.8) |
0.59 |
5(11.4) |
|
| Living condition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Within the family (n = 268) |
135 (50.4) |
|
81 (30.2) |
0.33 |
31 (11.7) |
|
26 (9.7) |
|
| Orphan (n = 32) |
18 (56.3) |
0.16 |
7 (21.9) |
|
6 (28.6) |
0.16 |
5 (15.6) |
0.46 |
| Presence of younger siblings |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 82) |
28 (34.1) |
0.78 |
28 (34.1) |
0.36 |
12 (14.6) |
0.9 |
7 (8.5) |
0.79 |
| No (n = 218) |
141 (64.7) |
|
60 (27.5) |
|
25 (11.5) |
|
24 (11) |
|
| Exposure to passive smoking in the house |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No (n = 276) |
147 (53.3) |
0.09 |
84 (30.4) |
0.39 |
37 |
0.13 |
29(10.5) |
1 |
| Yes (n = 24) |
6 (25) |
|
4 (16.7) |
|
0 |
|
2(8.3) |
|
| Attending school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 235) |
128 (54.5) |
0.15 |
76 (32.2) |
0.045 |
29 (12.3) |
0.99 |
26(11.1) |
0.38 |
| No (n = 65) |
25 (38.5) |
|
12 (18.5) |
|
8 (12.3) |
|
3(4.6) |
|
| Living with health care workers in the house |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 37) |
24 (64.9) |
0.45 |
9(24.3) |
|
3 (8.1) |
0.54 |
6(16.2) |
0.25 |
| No (n = 263) |
129 (49) |
|
79 (30) |
0.53 |
34 (12.9) |
|
25(9.5) |
|
| Respiratory tract infection for the last month |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 25) |
15 (60) |
0.74 |
4 (16) |
|
4 (8) |
0.44 |
2 (8) |
|
| No (n = 275) |
138 (50.2) |
|
84 (30.5) |
0.78 |
33 (12) |
|
29 (10.5) |
1 |
| Sign of malnutrition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 64) |
15 (23.4) |
0.004 |
14 (21.9) |
|
8 (12.5) |
0.42 |
3 (4.7) |
|
| No (n = 236) |
138 (58.5) |
|
66 (28) |
0.44 |
29 (12.3) |
|
28 (11.9) |
0.13 |
| Running nose for the last two weeks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 60) |
36 (60) |
0.44 |
24 (40) |
|
8 (13.3) |
1 |
6 (10.1) |
|
| No (n = 240) |
117 (48.8) |
|
64 (26.7) |
0.07 |
29 (12.1) |
|
25 (10.4) |
0.89 |
| Nail priming with teeth |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 57) |
42 (73.7) |
0.06 |
13 (22.8) |
0.75 |
13 (22.8) |
0.59 |
8 (14) |
0.42 |
| No (n = 243) |
111 (45.7) |
|
75 (30.9) |
|
24 (9.9) |
|
23 (9.5) |
|
| Coryza for the last two months |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 38) |
22(57.9) |
0.73 |
11(28.9) |
0.88 |
0 |
0.048 |
13 (15.8) |
0.25 |
| No (n = 262) |
131 (50) |
|
77 (29.4) |
|
37(14.1) |
|
25 (9.5) |
|
| Habit of nose picking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (n = 48) |
28 (58.3) |
0.63 |
16(33.3) |
0.85 |
8(16.7) |
1 |
6 (12.5) |
0.58 |
| No (n = 252) |
125(49.6) |
|
72 (28.6) |
|
29 (11.5) |
|
25 (9.9) |
|
