Table 5. Coefficients from regression analyses on factors affecting the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) using Rasch-calibrated NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire.
Visual function scale included items of general vision, distance vision, and near vision-related acitivity, while socioemotional function scale included items of vision-related social functioning, role difficulties, dependency, and mental health.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Beta coefficient (95% CI) | Standardized Beta coefficient (95% CI) |
P-value | |
| Visual function | |||||
| Age (years) | *-0.00041 (-0.005~ 0.004) | 0.87 | |||
| Gender (Male vs. female) |
**0.07 (-0.55~0.69) | 0.83 | |||
| High contrast VA | -0.76 (-1.16~-0.37) | <0.001 | -0.46 (-0.72~-0.21) | -0.25 (-0.37~ -0.12) | <0.001 |
| Severity of central VF loss | -0.43 (-0.76~-0.09) | 0.012 | -0.11 (-0.39~0.17) | -0.08 (-0.28~0.12) | 0.44 |
| CS (log MAR) | 1.46 (0.64~2.29) | 0.001 | 1.31 (0.75~1.87) | 0.35 (0.25~0.46) | <0.001 |
| Co-morbidities (Yes vs.no) |
0.04 (-0.57~0.66) | 0.89 | |||
| Charles Bonnet (Yes vs. no) |
-0.32 (-0.92~0.27) | 0.29 | |||
| Anti-VEGF treatment (Yes vs. no) |
0.40 (-0.1~0.90) | 0.11 | |||
| Socioemotional function | |||||
| Age (years) | *0.00003 (-0.005~0.005) | 0.99 | |||
| Gender (Male vs. female) |
**-0.02 (-0.61~0.58) | 0.96 | |||
| High contrast VA | -0.70 (-1.14~-0.27) | 0.002 | -0.36 (-0.67~-0.05) | -0.2 (-0.37~-0.03) | 0.023 |
| Severity of central VF loss | -0.40 (-0.72~-0.08) | 0.014 | -0.11 (-0.44~0.21) | -0.09 (-0.33~0.16) | 0.50 |
| CS (log MAR) | 1.01 (0.2~1.83) | 0.015 | 1.06 (0.44~1.68) | 0.3 (0.18~0.43) | 0.001 |
| Co-morbidities (Yes vs.no) |
-0.09 (-0.76~0.57) | 0.79 | |||
| Charles Bonnet (Yes vs. no) |
-0.49 (-1.07~0.08) | 0.09 | |||
| Anti-VEGF treatment (Yes vs. no) |
0.41 (-0.13~0.95) | 0.14 | |||
Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender except
*adjusted for gender, and
**adjusted for age
Model 2 was adjusted by variables with p value <0.1 in model 1.
VA, visual acuity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VF, visual field; CS, contrast sensitivity
VA was categorized according to VA of each eye.; VA of both eyes better than Log MAR VA of 0.48 (Snellen equivalent 20/60), one eye better than 0.48 log MAR, and both eyes worse than 0.48 log MAR.
Estimation of binocular summation of central VF loss was stratified into 13 categories based on presence, location and size of the scotoma. The scoring was then classified into 3 levels of central VF loss severity with mild, moderate and severe VF defect. Presence of co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, malignancy or transient ischemic attack was assessed.