Table 2. Quantified data of important metabolites following alcohol consumption.

Variable	Time 0 vs Time 1 (early effect)		Time 0	Time 1	Time 2	Time 3	Time 4	Time 0 vs Time 4 (late effect)
	WRT p-value	WRT Effect Size	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	WRT p-value	WRT Effect Size
	[BH Adjusted p-value]	[FC]	[SD]	[SD]	[SD]	[SD]	[SD]	[BH Adjusted p-value]	[FC]
DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide)	0.057	0.301	15.98	16.58	15.64	16.01	17.12	0.017	0.378
	[0.079]	[+1.038]	[2.292]	[2.613]	[2.795]	[2.308]	[2.699]	[0.047]	[+1.071]
DMG (N,N-dimethylglycine)	0.052	0.307	8.472	9.656	9.190	8.168	8.438	1.000	0.000
	[0.079]	[+1.140]	[7.965]	[10.02]	[9.230]	[7.640]	[7.274]	[1.000]	[–1.004]
Ethanol	<0.0001	0.620	0.000	1389	6448	3440	1912	<0.0001	0.620
	[0.0004]	[> +100]	[0.000]	[1556]	[2673]	[1984]	[1250]	[0.001]	[> +100]
Glycine	0.044	0.319	160.2	183.4	151.4	146.6	158.3	0.601	0.083
	[0.077]	[+1.145]	[84.90]	[86.26]	[44.68]	[50.45]	[56.11]	[0.701]	[–1.012]
Hippuric acid	0.313	0.159	220.4	380.2	87.66	138.1	178.9	0.100	0.260
	[0.313]	[+1.725]	[217.2]	[393.7]	[124.4]	[344.7]	[333.7]	[0.156]	[–1.232]
Hypoxanthine	<0.0001	0.620	9.604	78.63	29.82	14.44	12.48	0.044	0.319
	[0.0004]	[+8.187]	[7.029]	[45.97]	[14.99]	[5.716]	[5.191]	[0.077]	[+1.299]
Indoxyl sulphate	0.002	0.490	24.30	27.86	24.87	21.51	22.87	0.794	0.041
	[0.005]	[+1.147]	[10.29]	[13.42]	[16.04]	[14.25]	[11.19]	[0.855]	[–1.063]
Lactic acid	0.001	0.508	70.90	179.9	92.74	75.96	72.79	0.006	0.431
	[0.004]	[+2.537]	[61.39]	[274.8]	[19.59]	[14.04]	[16.26]	[0.022]	[+1.027]
Methylamine	0.006	0.431	4.556	5.282	5.937	5.186	5.059	0.033	0.336
	[0.013]	[+1.159]	[2.146]	[2.477]	[2.256]	[2.380]	[2.263]	[0.073]	[+1.110]
Sorbitol	<0.0001	0.620	0.000	653.2	852.8	426.2	289.0	0.000	0.614
	[0.0004]	[> +100]	[0.000]	[462.0]	[625.7]	[331.6]	[253.3]	[0.001]	[> +100]
Taurine	0.062	0.295	100.6	108.2	109.7	113.5	118.7	0.006	0.437
	[0.079]	[+1.076]	[29.71]	[32.54]	[29.86]	[37.45]	[36.49]	[0.022]	[+1.180]
TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide)	0.002	0.502	51.18	58.32	60.31	62.45	62.00	0.037	0.331
	[0.004]	[+1.139]	[23.90]	[25.48]	[29.26]	[35.68]	[32.48]	[0.073]	[+1.211]
Trimethylamine	0.100	0.260	1.753	1.987	1.763	1.654	1.615	0.167	0.218
	[0.117]	[+1.133]	[1.229]	[1.657]	[1.680]	[1.578]	[1.436]	[0.234]	[–1.085]
Uric acid	0.247	0.183	0.963	0.713	0.336	0.487	0.743	0.211	0.198
	[0.266]	[–1.351]	[0.760]	[0.279]	[0.168]	[0.243]	[0.566]	[0.269]	[–1.296]

All quantified values, except those for uric acid (expressed as mmol/L), are from NMR-determined urine analyses, and are expressed as μmol metabolite/mmol creatinine. WRT p-values are based on the comparison of the respective metabolite concentrations relative to time 0 for time 1 and time 4 of the “alcohol plus vehicle” intervention. P-values adjusted for multiple testing (14 tests in total) are also reported based on the Benjamini & Hochberg (BH) approach for controlling the rate of false discoveries. Positive and negative fold change values indicate up- and down-regulation of metabolites, relative to time 0, respectively.