Fig 2. Relative expression analysis of chemokines, cytokines, receptors, enzymes, and regulatory factors for undifferentiated, differentiated and polarized human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs; A and E; white, grey and black bars respectively), and monocyte-like cell lines (MCLCs) including U-937 (B and F; red bars), THP-1 (C and G; blue bars), and HL-60 (D and H; yellow bars).

PBMCs were differentiated using 10 ng/mL granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 6 days to give M(GC) and activated using 100 ng/mL LPS and 20 μg/mL IFNγ for 24 h to generate M(GC)LPS/IFNγ. MCLCs were differentiated using 16 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 48 h. Grouped data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3–10). Relative expression data including the mean ± SEM are shown in S3 Table. Genes not detected were marked as n/d. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test compared to undifferentiated cells for the PBMCs, or by Student’s t-test for the MCLCs, with *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001 deemed significant.