Table 1.

CVLT-II measures, their interpretation, and differences between diagnostic groups in Study 1.

Measures	Interpretation	Outcome
Measures of encoding
Correct recall on List A Trial 1	Lower recall suggests poorer phonological short-term memory.	DLD < ND
Correct recall on List A Trials 2–5	Lower recall suggests poorer encoding.	DLD < ND
Rate of learning, Trials 1 and 2	Lower rate of change suggests poorer encoding.	DLD < ND
Semantic clustering of List A recall	Less semantic clustering suggests less effective encoding strategy.	DLD < ND
Serial clustering of List A recall	More serial clustering suggests less effective (stimulus-bound) encoding strategy.	DLD = ND
Primacy of List A recall	Lower recall from primacy region of the list suggests poorer encoding.	DLD = ND
Recency of List A recall	Words recalled primarily from the recency region of the list suggest poor encoding.	DLD = ND
Measures of retention and retrieval
Short-delay free recall	Steeper drop in recall from Trial 5 to the short delay suggests poorer retention and/or poorer ability to resist retroactive interference.	DLD = ND
Short-delay cued recall	Greater boost in recall after cuing suggests that more words were encoded than could be retrieved.	DLD = ND
Long-delay free recall	Steeper drop in recall from the short delay to the long delay suggests poorer retention.	DLD = ND
Long-delay cued recall	Greater boost in recall after cuing suggests that more words were encoded than could be retrieved.	DLD = ND
Recognition accuracy	Accurate recognition but poor recall indicates retrieval deficits. Poor recognition indicates encoding deficits.	DLD < ND

Note. CVLT-II = California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition, Adult Version; DLD = developmental language disorder; ND = normal development.