Table 1.

Caregiver- and Care Recipient-Centered Measures

Category	Instrument	Instrument Description	Psychometrics
Baseline Assessment Only
PLWD cognitive status	Informant rating of Cognitive Decline in the Elderlya,b,c	A 16-item Likert-type scale that can be completed by a caregiver; is not subject to contamination by the person’s education level	Correlates well with dementia diagnosis.
Demographic information	Demographic information sheet developed for the study	Age, race, ethnicity, gender, employment, education, residence type (urban, suburban, or rural), relationship to PLWD, age of PLWD, residence with the PLWD, time since PLWD’s dementia diagnosis, duration of caregiving, caregiver receives help in caregiving.	N/A
PLWD functional status	Lawton: Activities and Instrumental Activities of Daily Livingd	Fourteen-item Likert-type scale elicits caregivers’ assessment of their persons’ function in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living	Inter-rater reliability 0.87–0.91d
Variables Assessed at Each Data Collection Event: Caregiver-Centered Variables
Stress	Perceived Stress Scalee	Fourteen-item Likert-type scale. Assesses the degree to which an individual finds events in his/her life stressful.	Cronbach’ α = 0.84–0.86; Established validity.f
Depressive symptoms	Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depressiong	Twenty-item Likert-type scale. Measures depressive symptoms, covers components related to sleep disturbance, depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, and hopelessness.h	Cronbach’s α=0.91. intraclass correlation coefficient 0.87. Established validity.h
Anxiety	State-Trait Anxiety Inventoryi,j	Twenty-item Likert-type scale. Evaluates transitory anxiety.	State-sensitive reliability α=0.94.i
Burden	Zarit Burden Interviewk	Twenty-two-item Likert-type scale. Assesses CG burden in the according to the domains of personal strain and role strain.l,m	Good reliability and validity.n
Dyadic relationship	Dyadic Relationship Scaleo	Eleven-item Likert-type scale. Assesses dyadic strain and dyadic interaction perceived by caregiver.	Cronbach’s α=0.84–0.85.o
Mastery	Pearlin’s Caregiver Mastery, Loss, and Competence Scalesp	Three sub-scales (designed to be used independently: Relational Deprivation (six items), Caregiver Competence (four items), and Management of Situation (four items). Likert-type scales.	Cronbach’s α = 0.77, 0.74, and 0.67, respectively.p
Skill	Caregiver Assessment of Behavioral Skill – Self-Reportq	Seventeen-item Likert-type scale. Elicits caregivers’ self-report of behavioral management skills.	Cronbach’s α = 0.75–0.94. Good validity.q
Reward	Positive Appraisal of Care Scaler	One subscale is used: Consequential Gain (six items, Likert-type scale). Evaluates caregiver’s degree of positive appraisal they associate with their caregiving.	Cronbach’s α=0.84. Established validity. Test-retest reliability 0.86 (p<0.01).r
Self-care	Mindful Self-Care Scale Sub-Scaless	Sub-scales assessing self-compassion and purpose (six items), mindful relaxation (six items), and other ways of self-care (clinical and general, total of nine items). Likert-type scales.	Cronbach’s α = 0.89 for total scale, 0.83 for Self-Compassion and Purpose; 0.77 for Mindful Relaxation.s
Health	Self-rated healtht,u,v,w,x	One-item survey	Reliability 0.92.t
Variables Assessed at Each Data Collection Event: Patient-Centered Variables
BPSD	Revised Memory and Behavior Checklisty	Twenty-two-item Likert-type scale. Assesses presence of a variety of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, their frequency (never to daily) and caregiver’s associated distress (not at all to extreme). Has three sub-scales: memory, depression, and disruption.	Cronbach’s α = 0.84–0.90.y
Mood	Neuropsychiatric Inventoryz	Twelve-item scale. Assesses presence of twelve behaviors or symptoms (yes/no answer). If a behavior or a symptom is present, assesses severity of this behavior (Likert-type scale).	Test-retest correlations between total symptom and distress scores: 0.90 and 0.94 (p<0.00001 for both).

^aJorm & Jacomb (1989);

^bJorm, Scott, Cullen, & MacKinnon (1991);

^cJorm (2004);

^dLawton & Brody (1969);

^eCohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein (1983);

^fCohen & Williamson (1988);

^gRadloff (1977);

^hMiller, Anton, & Townson (2008);

ⁱSpielberger & Vagg (1984);

^jJulian (2011);

^kZarit, Reever, & Bach-Peterson (1980);

^lHébert, Bravo, & Préville (2000);

^mWhitlatch, Zarit, & von Eye (1991);

ⁿZarit, Anthony, & Boutselis (1987);

^oSebern & Whitlatch (2007);

^pPearlin, Mullan, Semple, & Skaff (1990);

^qFarran, Fogg, McCann, Etkin, Dong, & Barnes (2011);

^rYamamoto-Mitani, Sugishita, Ischigaki, & Maekawa (2001);

^sCook-Cottone & Guyker (2017);

^tLorig, Stewart, Ritter, Gonzales, Laurent, & Lynch (1996);

^uIdler & Angel (1990);

^vSchoenfeld, Malmrose, Blazer, Gold, & Seeman (1994);

^wWare, Nelson, Sherbourne, & Stewart (1992);

^xWolinsky & Johnson (1992);

^yTeri, Truax, Logsdon, Uomoto, Zarit, & Vitaliano (1992);

^zKaufer et al., (2000)