Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants by quintiles of total quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, 2004–9 (Mean values with their standard errors; number of participants; percentages; medians and ranges)
| Characteristics | Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d) | P† | Fruit and vegetable variety | P† | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 | |||||||||
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| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |||
| n | 282 | 282 | 282 | 276 | 283 | 286 | ||||||||
| Median | 1·4 | 3·2 | 6·5 | 19 | 32 | 44 | ||||||||
| Range | 0·2–1·9 | 2·8–3·7 | 5·2–16·8 | 2–23 | 30–34 | 40–52 | ||||||||
| Intake, variety | 1·3 | 0·4 | 3·2 | 0·3 | 7·0 | 1·8 | 18·0 | 4·4 | 32·1 | 1·4 | 44·2 | 3·3 | ||
| Age (years) | 57·2 | 8·0 | 57·0 | 7·7 | 58·0 | 7·4 | 0·31 | 56·1 | 7·6 | 57·3 | 7·8 | 56·9 | 7·0 | 0·11 |
| Female (%) | 66·0 | 70·2 | 75·5 | 0·12 | 62·0 | 72·8 | 73·8 | 0·003 | ||||||
| Educational attainment (%) | 0·003 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||
| None or primary school | 23·8 | 18·8 | 21·3 | 21·7 | 25·1 | 15·4 | ||||||||
| Secondary school | 25·5 | 24·5 | 22·7 | 30·4 | 28·3 | 20·6 | ||||||||
| High school | 39·7 | 44·0 | 32·3 | 38·8 | 36·8 | 33·6 | ||||||||
| College or higher | 11·0 | 12·8 | 23·8 | 9·1 | 9·9 | 30·4 | ||||||||
| Household income below the threshold (%) | 63·0 | 57·1 | 57·2 | 0·57 | 65·0 | 59·8 | 48·9 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Acculturation score | 22·9 | 22·3 | 24·5 | 23·4 | 26·1 | 22·3 | 0·53 | 21·0 | 22·8 | 22·4 | 22·0 | 32·8*** | 23·3 | <0·001 |
| Smoking status (%) | 0·024 | 0·004 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 39·7 | 41·8 | 48·9 | 43·5 | 44·5 | 49·0 | ||||||||
| Past smoker | 29·8 | 31·9 | 33·0 | 23·9 | 33·9 | 32·9 | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 30·5 | 26·2 | 18·1 | 32·6 | 21·6 | 18·2 | ||||||||
| Alcohol use (%) | 0·002 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 71·8 | 55·6 | 57·9 | 68·6 | 63·4 | 46·7 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 21·7 | 38·4 | 35·6 | 24·7 | 29·8 | 46·7 | ||||||||
| High | 6·5 | 6·1 | 6·5 | 6·6 | 6·8 | 6·7 | ||||||||
| Physical activity score | 30·6 | 4·9 | 31·3** | 3·8 | 32·1** | 4·9 | 0·002 | 31·3 | 4·9 | 31·0 | 4·4 | 32·5* | 5·0 | <0·001 |
| ADL score | 4·9 | 6·2 | 4·1 | 5·1 | 4·0 | 4·7 | 0·039 | 4·6 | 5·9 | 4·8 | 5·4 | 3·0* | 4·1 | <0·001 |
| Energy intake (kJ/d) | 6607 | 2874 | 8791*** | 3305 | 11 473*** | 916 | <0·001 | 8272 | 3502 | 9021 | 3774 | 9435** | 3736 | 0·004 |
| Hypertension (%) | 67·9 | 67·6 | 68·8 | 0·93 | 65·7 | 69·3 | 67·0 | 0·58 | ||||||
| Diabetes (%) | 39·2 | 37·8 | 43·8 | 0·36 | 38·1 | 45·9 | 31·3 | 0·003 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31·7 | 7·0 | 31·6 | 6·6 | 32·6 | 6·6 | 0·21 | 31·0 | 6·7 | 32·4 | 6·4 | 31·7 | 6·5 | 0·039 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4·67 | 1·11 | 4·80 | 1·03 | 4·74 | 1·10 | 0·69 | 4·62 | 1·11 | 4·69 | 1·09 | 4·82 | 1·03 | 0·049 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1·17 | 0·36 | 1·15 | 0·31 | 1·17 | 0·34 | 0·61 | 1·11 | 0·30 | 1·17 | 0·35 | 1·18 | 0·29 | 0·038 |
| TAG (mmol/l) | 1·74 | 0·97 | 1·90 | 1·31 | 1·80 | 1·30 | 0·50 | 1·81 | 1·45 | 1·80 | 0·96 | 1·80 | 1·15 | 0·54 |
| Supplement use (%) | 51·1 | 56·0 | 63·5 | 0·044 | 51·1 | 58·3 | 68·9 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Medication use (%)‡ | 47·8 | 45·2 | 47·9 | 0·29 | 44·5 | 57·7 | 40·0 | <0·001 | ||||||
ADL, Activities of Daily Living.
Mean values were significantly different compared with the lowest quintile after Tukey’s adjustment for multiple comparisons:
P<0·05,
P<0·01,
P<0·001.
P values for ANOVA for continuous variables across quintiles of total quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake were calculated by PROC GLM with SAS 9.2, respectively, and χ2 test for categorical variables across quintiles was performed by PROC FREQ.
Medication use was defined as yes if a participant had taken more than five types of medications within the past 12 months.