Table 2. Long non-coding RNAs associated to PCa prognosis.
| lncRNA | Genomic localization | Clinical significance | Evaluated cancerous sample | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCA3 | 9q21-22 | Poor prognosis | Urine | PCA3 expression correlates with high PSA level and advanced clinical stage. | [36, 43] |
| PCAT1 | 8q24.21 | Poor prognosis | Tissue | High expression is associated with high cell proliferation, high-grade localized (Gleason score ≥7) and metastatic PCa. Besides it is associated with prostate cancer progression. | [47, 50] |
| SChLAP1 | 2q31.3 | Aggressive PCa, Metastasis, clinical progression, BCR | Tissue | High expression is associated with a higher risk of biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death from PCa. It is a useful to identify PCa patients at higher risk of lethal progression. |
[53, 54, 56] |
| PCGEM1 | 2q32.3 | High risk PCa | Cell lines and Tissues | Overexpression is related to high risk PCa. Its lncRNA promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. | [58, 59] |
| ATB | 14q11.2 | BCR-FS | Tissue and cell lines | High expression is related with aggressive disease (high histological grade, high PSA level, pathological stage, high Gleason score and lymph node metastasis). | [63] |
| LOC400891 | 22q11.2 | BCR-FS | Tissue and cell lines | High expression is related with development of advanced prostate cancer. | [68, 69] |
| lnc-MX1-1 | 21q22.3 | RFS | Tissue and cell lines | Overexpression is related to clinical features such as high PSA, Gleason score and metastasis. Knockdown in vitro reduced both proliferation and invasiveness. | [71] |
| MALAT-1 | 11q13.1 | Poor prognosis | Urine, tissue, plasma and cell lines | Overexpression in vitro of this lncRNA enhances migration and metastasis. High expression is related to progression of PCa to CRPC and high Gleason score, PSA and tumor stage. | [72, 75–77, 148] |
| DRAIC | 15q23 | DFS | Tissue and cell lines | Downregulation of this lncRNA is related to progression from androgen dependent PCA to CRPC. Its promotes cell proliferation but inhibits cell migration and invasion. |
[78] |
| PCAT29 | 15q23 | BCR-FS | Tissue and cell lines | Downregulation is associated with poor prognostic. Knockdown increased proliferation and migration of PCa cells. Overexpression in vitro suppressed growth and metastases of prostate tumors. | [78, 79] |
| UCA1 | 19p13 | OS, BCR-FS and DFS | Tissue and cell lines | It is overexpressed in PCa compared to normal adjacent tissue. Overexpression in vitro promotes cell proliferation and antiapoptotic effect. | [80, 86–88] |
| TRPM2-AS | 21q22.3 | RFS and OS | Tissue and cell lines | Overexpression induces cell proliferation, knockdown in vitro leads to apoptosis in PCa cells. | [89, 90] |
| PCAT-14 | 22-q11.2 | OS, PSS, MFS, BRFS | Tissue | It is found overexpressed in low grade disease while down-regulation predicts disease aggressiveness and recurrence. | [92, 93] |
| DANCR | 4q12 | Associated with metastasis | Tissue and cell lines | Overexpression in vitro promotes cell migration, suggesting an association with metastasis. | [94–96] |
| PCAT-18 | 18q11.2 | Associated with metastasis | Tissue and plasma | Promotes invasion, migration, and proliferation of castration resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro. | [97] |
| CCAT2 | 8q24 | PFS and OS | Tissue and cell lines | CCAT2 promotes EMT. Knockdown of this lncRNA inhibited cell migration and invasion. | [98, 99] |
*The full names of the lncRNAs can be located in the text or abbreviation section.