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. 2018 May 10;8:7449. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25929-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of XSECC on axonal damage in BCCAO rats. (a) Typical TEM images of axonal ultrastructure from sham, model and XSECC group rats. (Yellow arrow represented loss of myelin sheath, yellow asterisk represented swollen axon, and red arrow represented degenerated axon, scale bar = 100 nm, n = 2 per group). (b) Immunohistochemistry staining of APP in the hippocampus CA1 area (scale bar = 50 μm, four sections per animal). Immunohistochemical (c) and western blot (d) analysis of APP protein expression in the hippocampus (n = 6 per group). ^##P < 0.01 vs. sham group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. model group (one-way ANOVA followed by LSD’s post hoc test).