Table 2. Demographic characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | Rural (n=360) | Urban (n=360) | P value* (rural vs. urban) | Study cohort (n=720) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Child’s gender, n (%) | 0.460 | |||
| Male | 184 (51.1) | 174 (48.3) | 358 (49.7) | |
| Female | 176 (48.9) | 186 (51.7) | 362 (50.3) | |
| Mother characteristics | ||||
| Mother’s age, mean (SD) (years) | 24.2 (±5.1) | 25.4 (±5.8) | 0.005 | 24.8 (±5.5) |
| Mother is able to read and write, n (%) | 0.310 | |||
| Yes | 350 (97.2) | 354 (98.3) | 704 (97.8) | |
| No | 10 (2.8) | 6 (1.7) | 16 (2.2) | |
| Mother’s employment status, n (%) | 1.000 | |||
| Employed | 103 (28.6) | 103 (28.6) | 206 (28.6) | |
| Unemployed | 257 (71.4) | 257 (71.4) | 514 (71.4) | |
| Mother owns a mobile phone**, n (%) | 0.530 | |||
| Yes | 335 (93.3) | 340 (94.4) | 675 (93.9) | |
| No | 24 (6.7) | 20 (5.6) | 44 (6.1) | |
| Father characteristics | ||||
| Father is involved in caring for child, n (%) | 0.060 | |||
| Yes | 291 (80.8) | 310 (86.1) | 601 (83.5) | |
| No | 69 (19.2) | 50 (13.9) | 119 (16.5) | |
| Father’s age, mean (SD) (years) | 28.0 (±6.6) | 28.7 (±6.9) | 0.180 | 28.4 (±6.8) |
| Father is able to read and write, n (%) | 0.060 | |||
| Yes | 283 (97.3) | 308 (99.4) | 591 (98.3) | |
| No | 8 (2.7) | 2 (0.6) | 10 (1.7) | |
| Father’s employment status, n (%) | 0.490 | |||
| Employed | 286 (98.3) | 307 (99.0) | 593 (98.7) | |
| Unemployed | 5 (1.7) | 3 (1.0) | 8 (1.3) | |
| Father owns a mobile phoneƚ, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 122 (47.1) | 225 (72.8) | 347 (61.1) | |
| No | 137 (52.9) | 84 (27.2) | 221 (38.9) | |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Number of children living in the house, mean (SD) | 1.9 (±1.0) | 1.8 (±1.0) | 0.370 | 1.9 (±1.0) |
| Family monthly income levelǂ, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| ≤ Q1,000 | 134 (37.2) | 73 (20.3) | 207 (28.8) | |
| Q1,001 – 2,000 | 81 (22.5) | 74 (20.6) | 155 (21.5) | |
| Q2,001 – 3,000 | 69 (19.2) | 97 (26.9) | 166 (23.1) | |
| Q3,001 – 4,000 | 42 (11.7) | 61 (16.9) | 103 (14.3) | |
| ≥ Q4,001 | 34 (9.4) | 55 (15.3) | 89 (12.4) | |
| Landline present in home, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 125 (34.7) | 56 (15.6) | 181 (25.1) | |
| No | 235 (65.3) | 304 (84.4) | 539 (74.9) | |
| Family owns a radio, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 213 (59.2) | 290 (80.6) | 503 (69.9) | |
| No | 147 (40.8) | 70 (19.4) | 217 (30.1) | |
| Family owns a television, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 321 (89.2) | 346 (96.1) | 667 (92.6) | |
| No | 39 (10.8) | 14 (3.9) | 53 (7.4) | |
| Family owns a refrigerator, n (%) | 0.930 | |||
| Yes | 259 (71.9) | 258 (71.7) | 517 (71.8) | |
| No | 101 (28.1) | 102 (28.3) | 203 (28.2) | |
| Family owns an electric or gas stove, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 286 (79.4) | 355 (98.6) | 641 (89.0) | |
| No | 74 (20.6) | 5 (1.4) | 79 (11.0) | |
| Family owns a car, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 72 (20.0) | 151 (41.9) | 223 (31.0) | |
| No | 288 (80.0) | 209 (58.1) | 497 (69.0) |
*, Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact for category and Student’s t-test for continuous variables; **, one rural survey was left blank for this question; ƚ, thirty-three participants (rural =32, urban =1) responded “I don’t know” and left this answer blank; ǂ, Q = Guatemalan Quetzal (Q1 = $0.14 USD). SD, standard deviation.