Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of included participants, n = 2592
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.6 (8.7) |
| Women | 1591 (61.4%) |
| Height (cm) | 167 (9) |
| Weight (kg) | 75.0 (13.4) |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.83 (0.19) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 (4.0) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 147 (22) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 (11) |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 68 (11) |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 267 (10.3%) |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 163 (6.9%) |
| Shortness of breatha | |
| Validity class I | 1711 (73.2%) |
| Validity class II | 220 (9.4%) |
| Validity class III | 271 (11.6%) |
| Validity class VI | 135 (5.8%) |
| Smoking | |
| Never | 944 (36.4%) |
| Former | 1377 (53.2%) |
| Current | 269 (10.4%) |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 243 (9.6%) |
| Blood pressure-lowering drugs | 1131 (55.9%) |
| Diuretics | 465 (23.0%) |
| β-blockers | 639 (31.6%) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 232 (11.5%) |
| RAAS inhibitors | 640 (31.7%) |
| Other | 15 (0.7%) |
| Cholesterol-lowering drugs | 617 (30.5%) |
| Echocardiography | |
| Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (mmHg) | 25.4 (6.7) |
| Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure > 40 mmHg | 73 (2.8%) |
| Left ventricular mass (gram) | 130 (38) |
| Left ventricular volume (mL) | 126 (31) |
| Interventricular septum thickness (mm) | 8 (2) |
| Left ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm) | 7 (1) |
| Diameter of left atrium (mm) | 42 (6) |
| Left ventricular fractional shortening (%) | 42 (6) |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (mm) | 51 (5) |
| Diameter of the aortic root (mm) | 34 (4) |
| E/A ratio | 0.93 (0.35) |
| ≤ 0.75 | 741 (29.9%) |
| > 0.75 and < 1.50 | 1636 (66.1%) |
| ≥ 1.50 | 98 (4.0%) |
| E/E′ ratio | 11.0 (4.8) |
| ≤ 8 | 620 (23.1%) |
| > 8 and < 15 | 1714 (63.8%) |
| ≥ 15 | 352 (13.1%) |
| E′ (m/s) | 0.07 (0.02) |
| Mitral valve inflow deceleration-time (ms) | 204 (42) |
Missing values for data on traditional cardiovascular risk factors ranged from 0 to 2.8%
Missing values for data on left heart echocardiographic parameters ranged from 0.2 to 1.7%, with exception of E/A ratio with 5.2% (mainly due to atrial fibrillation)
bpm beats per minute, E/A ratio E wave divided by A wave, E/E′ ratio E wave divided by E′, HDL high density lipid protein, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
aValidity classes according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) [14], data available in 90.2% of the participants