Table 1.
Variability of posttranslational modifications of side chains in proteins.
| Residue | Reaction | Example of a protein with indicated PTM |
|---|---|---|
| Alanine (Ala, A) | N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase |
| Amidation | Pantothenate synthetase | |
| N-methylation | Ribosomal proteins | |
| Arginine (Arg, R) | N-methylation | Histones |
| N-ADP-ribosylation | GSa | |
| Citrullination/Deimination | Argininosuccinate synthase | |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Amidation | Tachykinins | |
| Dihydroxylation | Steilins | |
| Hydroxylation | Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large | |
| Phosphorylation | chain | |
| N-glycosylation | Histones | |
| N-glycoproteins | ||
| Asparagine (Asn, N) | N-glycosylation | N-glycoproteins |
| N-ADP-ribosylation | eEF-2 | |
| Protein splicingDeamidation | Intein excision stepIsomerization to isoaspartate and | |
| Amidation | aspartate | |
| Hydroxylation | FMRFamide-related peptidesHypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha | |
| Aspartic acid (Asp, D) | Phosphorylation | Protein tyrosine phosphatases; response |
| Isomerization to isoaspartate | regulators in two component systems | |
| Deamidation | Protein-L-isoaspartate O- | |
| N-acetylation | methyltransferase | |
| Beta-methylthiolation | Beta-casein | |
| Hydroxylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Cis-14-hydroxy-10,13-dioxo- | Ribosomal proteins | |
| 7-heptadecenoic acid aspartate | 3-hydroxyaspartate alsolase | |
| ester | Non-specific lipid transfer proteins | |
| Cysteine (Cys, C) | S-hydroxylation (S-OH) | Sulfenate intermediates; peroxiredoxins |
| Disulfide bond formation | Protein in oxidizing environments | |
| Phosphorylation | PTPases | |
| S-acylation | Ras | |
| S-prenylation | Ras | |
| Protein splicing | Intein excisions | |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| N-ADP-ribosylation | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | |
| Amidation | dehydrogenase | |
| S-archaeol cysteine | Cystein synthase A | |
| Cysteine sulfinic acid (-SO2H) | Halocyanin | |
| Methylation | Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase | |
| N-myristoylation | Crystallins | |
| Nitrosylation | Genome polyproteins of several viruses | |
| N-palmitoylation | Thioredoxins | |
| S-palmitoylationS-glutathionylation | Small cystein-rich outer membrane protein OmcA | |
| S-glutathionylation | Myelin proteolipid proteins | |
| Redox regulation via reversible glutathionylation | ||
| Glutamic acid (Glu, E) | Methylation | Chemotaxis receptor proteins |
| Carboxylation | Gla residues in blood coagulation | |
| Polyglycination | Tubulin | |
| Polyglutamylation | Tubulin | |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Poly N-ADP-ribosylation | Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 | |
| Amidation | Buccalin | |
| Deamidation followed by methylation | Methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins | |
| Glutamine (Gln, Q) | Transglutamination | Protein cross-linking |
| Deamidation | Myelin basic protein | |
| Amidation | FMRFamide-related peptides | |
| N-methylation | Ribosomal proteins | |
| Glycine (Gly, G) | C-hydroxylation | C-terminal amide formation |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Amidation | Glycine oxidase | |
| Cholesterol glycine ester | Hedgehog proteins | |
| N-myristoylation | Protein Nef | |
| Histidine (His, H) | Phosphorylation | Sensor protein kinases in two-component regulatory systems |
| Aminocarboxypropylation | Diphthamide formation | |
| N-methylation | Methyl CoM reductase | |
| Amidation | VIP peptides | |
| Bromination | Sperm-activated peptide SAP-b | |
| Methylation | Actin | |
| Isoleucine (Ile, I) | Amidation | FMRFamide neuropeptides |
| N-methylation | Fimbial protein | |
| Leucine (Leu, L) | Amidation | Myomodulin neuropeptides |
| N-methylation | Major structural subunit of bundle-forming pilus | |
| Lysine (Lys, K) | N-methylation | Histone methylation |
| N-acylation by acetyl, biotinyl, | Histone acetylation; swinging-arm | |
| lipoyl, ubiquityl groups | prosthetic groups; ubiquitin; SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) tagging of | |
| C-hydroxylation | proteins | |
| O-glycosylation | Collagen maturation | |
| N-acetylation | Adiponectin; O-glycoproteins | |
| Allysine | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Amidation | Elastin and collagen; lysyl oxidase | |
| N6-1-carboxyethylation | ||
| Dihydroxylation | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase | |
| Hydroxylation | EHMT1 | |
| N-myristoylation | Carbonyl reductases | |
| N-palmitoylation | Steilins | |
| Trimethylation | Collagens | |
| Tumor necrosis factors | ||
| Serine palmitoyltransferases | ||
| Myosins | ||
| Methionine (Met, M) | Oxidation to methionine | Methionine sulfoxide reductase |
| sulfoxide | Catalase | |
| Oxidation to methionine | Unstable hemoglobin, Hb Bristol | |
| sulfone | [p67(E11) Val-Met] | |
| Silent modification | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| (conversion to aspartic acid) | MIP-related peptides | |
| N-acetylation | Ribosomal proteins | |
| Amidation | ||
| N-methylation | ||
| Phenylalanine (Phe, F) | Amidation | FMRFamide neuropeptides |
| Hydroxylation | Adhesive plaque matrix proteins | |
| N-methylation | ComG operon proteins | |
| Proline (Pro, P) | C-hydroxylation | Collagen; HIF-1a |
| Dihydroxylation | Virotoxin | |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Amidation | Prothyroliberin | |
| N-methylation | N-methylproline demethylase | |
| Serine (Ser, S) | Phosphorylation | Protein serine kinases and phosphatases |
| O-glycosylation | Notch O-glycosylation | |
| Phosphopantetheinylation | Fatty acid synthase | |
| Autocleavages | Pyruvamidyl enzyme formation | |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| O-acetylation | O-acetylserine (thiol) liase | |
| N-ADP-ribosylation | Ras-related protein Rap-1b | |
| Amidation | Kallikrein-8 | |
| N-decanoylation | Ghrelin | |
| O-octanoylation | Appetite-regulating hormons; ghrelin | |
| O-palmitoylation | Myelin proteolipid protein | |
| Sulfation | Retrograde protein of 51 kDa | |
| Threonine (Thr, T) | Phosphorylation | Protein threonine kinases/phosphatises |
| O-glycosylation | O-glycoproteins | |
| N-acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Amidation | Aurora kinase A | |
| N-decanoylation | Ghrelin | |
| O-octanoylationO-palmitoylation | GhrelinMyelin proteolipid protein | |
| Sulfation | Cathepsin | |
| O-acetylation | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha | |
| Tryptophan (Trp, W) | C-mannosylation | Plasma-membrane proteins |
| Amidation | Neuropeptide-like proteins | |
| Bromination | Mu-conotoxins | |
| C-linked glycosylation | Properdin | |
| Hydroxylation | Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase | |
| Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) | Phosphorylation | Tyrosine kinases/phosphatases |
| Sulfation | CCR5 receptor maturation | |
| ortho-nitration | Inflammatory responses | |
| TOPA quinine | Amine oxidase maturation | |
| N-Acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase | |
| Amidation | FMRFamide-related neuropeptides | |
| N-methylation | General secretion pathway protein I | |
| O-glycosylation | S-layer protein SpaA | |
| Valine (Val, C) | N-Acetylation | N-alpha-acetyltransferase |
| Amidation | MIP-related peptides | |
| Hydroxylation | Conophans |