Table 1.
Characteristics of studies selected for the meta‐analysis
| Authors | N (exp/ctrl) | Age (mean ± std or mean (25%, 75% quartiles)) | Time from stroke | BCI Intervention method | Control Group | Intervention time (total session n) | Outcome Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ang et al.61 | 21 (6/8/7) | 54.2 ± 12.4 | 385.1 ± 131.8 d | MI‐BCI (EEG) to drive haptic knob |
Haptic knob Std Arm Th. |
90 min/days, 3 d/w, 6w (27 h) |
FMA‐UE |
| Ang et al.41 | 25 (11/14) | 51.4 ± 11.6 | 297.4 ± 238.7 d | MI‐BCI (EEG) to drive MIT‐Manus robot | MIT‐Manus only | 1 h/d, 4 days/w, 4 w (16 h) | FMA‐UE |
| Frolov et al.59 | 47 (36/11) | 56.0 (47.0; 64.0)/58.0 (48.0;73.0) | 9.0 m (5.0; 13.5)/2.0 m (1.0; 12.0) | MI‐BCI (EEG) to drive hand exoskeleton | Sham | 40 min/d, 5 d/weeks, 12 ses (8 h) | FMA, ARAT, MAS |
| Kim et al.62 | 30 (15/15) | 59.07 ± 8.07/59.93 ± 9.79 |
8.27 ± 1.98/ 7.80 ± 1.78 m |
MI‐BCI (EEG) to trigger NMES on the wrist | Conventional Th. | 30 min/d, 5 d/weeks, 4 w (10 h) |
FMA‐UE,
MAL, MBI, ROM |
| Leeb et al.60 | 18 (9/9) | 55.1 ± 11.0 | 37.3 ± 43.9 m | MI‐BCI (EEG) to trigger NMES | Sham | 1 h/d, 2d/w, 5 w (10 h) | FMA‐UE |
| Li et al.64 | 14 (7/7) | 66.3 ± 4.53/67.1 ± 5,51 | 2.21 ± 1.69/2.79 ± 1.85 m | MI‐BCI (EEG) to trigger NMES and visual feedback | Electrical stimulation | 1 h/d, 3 d/w, 8 w (24 h) | FMA‐UE, ARAT |
| Mihara et al.63 | 20 (10/10) | 58.1 ± 8.3 | 135.0 ± 38.2 d | MI‐BCI (NIRS) to provide visual feedback | Sham | 3 d/w, 2 w (6 h) | FMA‐UE, ARAT, MAL, KVIQ‐10 |
| Pichiorri et al.42 | 28 (14/14) | 64.1 ± 8.4/59.6 ± 12.7 |
2.7 ± 1.7/ 2.5 ± 1.2 m |
MI‐BCI (EEG) to drive virtual hand feedback | MI only | 3 d/w, 4 w(12 h) |
FMA‐UE,
MRC, NIHSS |
| Ramos‐M. et al.39 | 32 (16/16) | 49.3 ± 12.5/50.3 ± 12.2 |
66 ± 45/ 71 ± 72 m |
MI‐BCI (EEG) to control arm/hand orthosis | Sham | 5 d/w, 4 w (20 h) | cFMA‐UE, GAS, MAL, Ashworth |
Time from stroke and intervention characteristics are given in sessions (ses) minutes (min), hours (h), days (d), weeks (w) and months (m). Provided outcome measures are: Fugl‐Meyer Assessment for the Upper‐Extremity (FMA‐UE), Motor Activity Log (MAL), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Range of Motion (ROM), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire‐10 (KVIQ‐10), Medical Research Council scale for muscle strength (MRC), National Institute Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Goal Attainment Score (GAS), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Patient's statistics (mean age and time from stroke) are provided either independently for the experimental and control groups or for the whole participant population depending on the data that was provided in each study.