Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 142).
| Baseline characteristics | Normal kidney function [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 90] (n = 50) | Mild kidney disease (60 ≤ GFR < 90) (n = 71) | Moderate to severe kidney disease (GFR < 60) (n = 21) | p-Value (X2/F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.0 (24.0) | 60.0 (17.0) | 66.0 (20.0) | 0.033* |
| Male gender | 25 (50.0%) | 46 (64.8%) | 18 (85.7%) | 0.015* |
| Previous history | ||||
| Hypertension | 43 (86.0%) | 68 (95.8%) | 21 (100.0%) | 0.046* |
| Diabetes | 11 (22.0%) | 13 (18.3%) | 7 (33.3%) | 0.342 |
| Smoking | 15 (30.0%) | 27 (38.0%) | 8 (38.1%) | 0.632 |
| Alcoholism | 14 (28.0%) | 18 (25.4%) | 6 (28.6%) | 0.930 |
| Ischemic stroke or TIA | 3 (6.0%) | 10 (14.1%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0.357 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 18 (36.0%) | 25 (35.2%) | 9 (42.9%) | 0.810 |
| Antiplatelet medication | 1 (2.0%) | 3 (4.2%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0.355 |
| Initial clinical and laboratory data | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.8) | <0.001* |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 104.2 (27.0) | 73.2 (15.6) | 40.4 (25.5) | <0.001* |
| NIHSS score | 7.5 (12.0) | 10.0 (12.0) | 10.0 (15.0) | 0.622 |
| GCS score | 15.0 (4.0) | 15.0 (4.0) | 15.0 (5.0) | 0.825 |
| Size of the hematoma (cm2) | 8.3 (15.4) | 7.8 (10.2) | 11.4 (21.3) | 0.776 |
| Admission blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 191.0 (61.0) | 187.0 (44.0) | 204.0 (57.0) | 0.703 |
| Diastoloic | 104.5 (26.0) | 108.0.0 (28.0) | 105.0 (29.0) | 0.515 |
| Mean | 130.8 (33.9) | 135.0 (25.7) | 136.7 (33.5) | 0.599 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| 7-day GCS score | 15.0 (4.0) | 14.0 (4.0) | 14.0 (4.0) | 0.573 |
| 3-month mRS 0–2 | 26 (52.0%) | 28 (39.4%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.380 |
| 3-month BI | 0.0 (14.0) | 0.0 (20.0) | 0.0 (20.0) | 0.744 |
| Magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease | ||||
| WMH, overall | 34 (68.0%) | 54 (76.1%) | 18 (85.7%) | 0.272 |
| WMH, periventricular | 34 (68.0%) | 52 (73.2%) | 17 (81.0%) | 0.527 |
| WMH, deep | 19 (38.0%) | 39 (54.9%) | 13 (61.9%) | 0.093 |
| EPVS, overall | 46 (92.0%) | 61 (85.9%) | 18 (85.7%) | 0.561 |
| EPVS, centrum semiovale | 29 (58.0%) | 51 (71.8%) | 16 (76.2%) | 0.183 |
| EPVS, basal ganglia | 44 (88.0%) | 61 (85.9%) | 18 (85.7%) | 0.938 |
| CMB, overall | 15 (30.0%) | 38 (53.5%) | 16 (76.2%) | 0.001* |
| CMB, lobar | 10 (20.0%) | 18 (25.4%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.052 |
| CMB, deep | 13 (26.0%) | 36 (50.7%) | 14 (66.7%) | 0.002* |
| CMB, mixed location | 7 (14.0%) | 15 (21.1%) | 8 (38.1%) | 0.076 |
| CMB, pure deep | 6 (12.0%) | 21 (30.0%) | 6 (28.6%) | 0.065 |
| All patients excluding lobar CMB | 40 (80%) | 53 (74.6%) | 11 (52.4%) | 0.052 |
| Lacune, overall | 14 (28.0%) | 19 (26.8%) | 7 (33.3%) | 0.841 |
| Lacune, lobar | 8 (16.0%) | 13 (18.3%) | 5 (23.8%) | 0.740 |
| Lacune, deep | 4 (8.0%) | 7 (9.9%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0.939 |
*p < 0.05.
TIA, transient ischemic attack; NIHSS, NIH Stroke Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; BI, Barthel Index; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; EPVS, enlarged perivascular spaces; CMB, cerebral microbleed. Continuous variables were expressed as medium and interquartile range and were compared by performing analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov method was used for tests of normality and the Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA test was used when the normality assumption of continuous data was not met. Categorical variables were compared using the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test.