Table 4.
Detection of molecular markers of antimalarial resistance in rapid diagnostic tests or dried-blood spots
|
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
Total |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N | Prevalence (%; 95% CI) | n/N | Prevalence (%; 95% CI) | n/N | Prevalence (%; 95% CI) | n/N | Prevalence (%; 95% CI) | |
| K13 wild type | 101/258 | 39% (33–45) | 29/81 | 36% (25–47) | 119/292 | 41% (35–47) | 249/631 | 39% (36–43) |
| K13 propeller mutants | 157/258 | 61% (55–67) | 52/81 | 64% (53–75) | 173/292 | 59% (53–65) | 382/631 | 61% (57–64) |
| C580Y* | 14/258 | 5% (3–9) | 9/81 | 11% (5–20) | 10/292 | 3% (2–6) | 33/631 | 5% (4–7) |
| R561H* | 24/258 | 9% (6–14) | 2/81 | 2% (0–9) | 14/292 | 5% (3–8) | 40/631 | 6% (5–9) |
| R539T* | 1/258 | 0·3% (0–2) | 0/81 | 0% (0–4) | 0/292 | 0% (0–1) | 1/631 | 0·2% (0–1) |
| P574L† | 4/258 | 2% (0–4) | 6/81 | 7% (3–15) | 0/292 | 0% (0–1) | 10/631 | 2% (1–3) |
| F446I† | 27/258 | 10% (7–15) | 0/81 | 0% (0–4) | 41/292 | 14% (10–19) | 68/631 | 11% (8–13) |
| P441L† | 6/258 | 2% (1–5) | 8/81 | 10% (4–19) | 39/292 | 13% (10–18) | 53/631 | 8% (6–11) |
| G449A† | 9/258 | 3% (2–7) | 0/81 | 0% (0–4) | 15/292 | 5% (3–8) | 24/631 | 4% (2–6) |
| M476I‡ | 16/258 | 6% (4–10) | 1/81 | 1% (0–7) | 12/292 | 4% (2–7) | 29/631 | 5% (3–7) |
| G533S‡ | 22/258 | 9% (5–13) | 8/81 | 10% (4–19) | 2/292 | 1% (0–2) | 32/631 | 5% (3–7) |
| Piperaquine resistance | .. | .. | 0/51 | 0% (0–7) | 0/496 | 0% (0–0·7) | 0/547 | 0% (0–0·7) |
| Mefloquine resistance | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9/437 | 2% (1–4) | 9/437 | 2% (1–4) |
Samples were collected from individuals positive for Plasmodium falciparum in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Individuals were diagnosed at a community-based malarial post or detected during a prevalence survey. Total number of samples collected were 1241 RDT in 2014; 125 dried-blood spots (DBS) in 2015; and 949 RDT and 446 DBS in 2016. Total number of samples with at least one result were 258 (21%) in 2014; 89 (71%) in 201; and 175 RDT (18%) and 333 DBS (75%) of 508 in 2016. ..=data unavailable. Selected K13 propeller mutants:
validated for artemisinin-resistance;
candidate for artemisinin-resistance;
other K13 polymorphisms. The variations in single K13 genotypes over time might also reflect a better description of local diversity by the wider geographical sampling achieved in 2016.