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. 2018 Mar 25;7(4):47. doi: 10.3390/antiox7040047

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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High glucose and peroxynitrite increased p38 MAPK activation that was reversed by FeTTPs. (A) Representative Western blot of total and phosphorylated p38 MAPK in lysates of retinal EC cultures treated with normal glucose (NG), high glucose (HG, 25 mM) for 3 days, or peroxynitrite (PN, 0.5 mM) overnight. B. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA showed significant impact of apoptotic insult and treatment effect. EC treated with HG or PN caused significant increase in p38 MAPK activation compared to NG. This effect was significantly reduced by co-treatment with FeTTPs (Fe, 2.5 μM) in HG- or PN-treated cultures. (* p < 0.05, significant using Bonferroni test compared to the rest of the groups, n = 5–6).