Table 3.
Nutrient and food consumption according to quintiles of the dietary inflammatory index: in the Diabetes Mellitus Survey of Mexico City, 2015.
| Variables | Dietary Inflammatory Index | p-Valuea | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1: Most Anti-Inflammatory | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5: Most Pro-Inflammatory | |||||||
| Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | ||
| Carbohydrates intake (% energy) b | 53.8 | (52.6, 55.1) | 55.0 | (53.7, 56.4) | 56.0 | (55.2, 58.4) | 56.1 | (54.7, 57.5) | 56.1 | (54.3, 57.8) | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (% energy) | 14.4 | (13.9, 14.8) | 13.9 | (13.4, 14.6) | 13.7 | (13.1, 14.0) | 13.0 | (12.6, 13.5) | 12.6 | (11.7, 13.7) | <0.001 |
| Total fat intake (% energy) | 31.8 | (30.9, 32.9) | 30.8 | (29.8, 31.6) | 30.3 | (29.2, 31.3) | 31.2 | (30.1, 32.3) | 31.3 | (29.9, 32.7) | 0.08 |
| Saturated fats (% energy) | 11.4 | (10.9, 11.9) | 11.7 | (11.2, 12.2) | 11.3 | (10.9, 11.8) | 11.3 | (10.8, 11.8) | 12.3 | (11.5, 13.2) | 0.51 |
| Monounsaturated fats (% energy) | 11.2 | (10.8, 11.6) | 10.8 | (10.4, 11.2) | 10.6 | (10.1, 11.1) | 10.9 | (10.4, 11.4) | 10.9 | (10.3, 11.4) | 0.20 |
| Polyunsaturated fats (% energy) | 7.6 | (7.3, 7.9) | 7.2 | (6.9, 7.5) | 6.9 | (6.6, 7.2) | 6.8 | (6.5, 7.1) | 6.7 | (6.5, 7.0) | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 42.7 | (40.0, 45.4) | 31.5 | (27.8, 35.2) | 24.7 | (23.5, 25.9) | 24.2 | (22.6, 25.9) | 13.3 | (12.7, 14.0) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 15.2 | (9.4, 21.0) | 11.8 | (7.2, 16.4) | 6.6 | (2.2, 11.0) | 6.6 | (1.2, 13.2) | 2.5 | (1.2, 3.9) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 600.3 | (568.8, 631.8) | 453.5 | (402.1, 504.8) | 365.5 | (350.3, 380.7) | 355.9 | (333.7, 388.2) | 219.5 | (208.6, 230.5) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 374.4 | (344.5, 404.2) | 288.0 | (258.2, 317.8) | 194.5 | (181.0, 208.2) | 160.6 | (141.4, 179.7) | 82.0 | (72.9, 91.2) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (μg/day) | 1900.2 | (1666.1, 2134.2) | 1219.9 | (1071.6, 1368.2) | 830.1 | (772.7, 887.6) | 701.5 | (635.1, 767.9) | 396.3 | (360.0, 432.6) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 13.0 | (12.3, 13.6) | 8.9 | (7.6, 10.1) | 6.5 | (6.2, 6.8) | 6.5 | (6.2, 7.3) | 3.4 | (3.4, 3.9) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 7.7 | (7.1, 8.3) | 5.1 | (4.4, 5.7) | 4.4 | (3.9, 4.9) | 3.8 | (3.4, 4.2) | 2.5 | (2.5, 3.1) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 370.0 | (321.2, 418.8) | 245.5 | (212.8, 278.4) | 139.4 | (121.3, 157.5) | 112.2 | (95.9, 128.5) | 69.3 | (60.0, 78.6) | <0.001 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 327.6 | (293.3, 362.0) | 259.9 | (225.9, 294.0) | 178.8 | (162.2, 195.5) | 134.5 | (114.3, 154.6) | 74.2 | (64.4, 84.0) | <0.001 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 67.4 | (49.5, 85.3) | 51.0 | (29.2, 72.6) | 31.6 | (26.0, 37.2) | 33.7 | (26.6, 40.8) | 21.2 | (16.2, 26.1) | <0.001 |
| Fish and seafood (g/day) | 24.1 | (15.0, 33.1) | 13.9 | (4.7, 23.0) | 10.8 | (5.9, 15.7) | 10.4 | (5.1, 15.7) | 3.2 | (1.5, 4.9) | <0.001 |
| Dairy products (g/day) | 242.5 | (209.9, 275.1) | 225.8 | (188.9, 262.6) | 177.9 | (142.3, 213.5) | 172.5 | (134.3, 210.8) | 139.2 | (109.3, 169.1) | <0.001 |
| Red meat and processed meat (g/day) | 40.1 | (33.7, 46.5) | 46.9 | (41.3, 52.6) | 55.0 | (44.4, 65.5) | 55.3 | (41.8, 68.7) | 78.3 | (66.3, 90.2) | <0.001 |
| Eggs (g/day) | 28.9 | (23.8, 33.9) | 30.8 | (25.1, 36.5) | 32.2 | (25.2, 39.2) | 35.5 | (28.4, 42.6) | 34.3 | (26.6, 41.9) | <0.001 |
| Refined cereals (g/day) | 109.2 | (96.0, 122.5) | 145.0 | (129.8, 160.3) | 145.4 | (125.5, 165.3) | 158.2 | (122.7, 193.6) | 173.9 | (147.1, 200.6) | <0.001 |
| Potatoes (g/day) | 9.7 | (5.2, 14.2) | 11.8 | (7.7, 15.8) | 11.5 | (7.8, 15.3) | 8.3 | (4.9, 11.7) | 7.1 | (5.1, 9.2) | 0.87 |
| Soft drinks (mL/day) | 69.5 | (51.6, 87.4) | 146.9 | (109.6, 184.1) | 219.5 | (175.7, 263.3) | 262.4 | (202.2, 322.6) | 401.7 | (343.3, 460.1) | <0.001 |
a p-values were determined using ANOVA test. b Data are given as means, with 95% CI in parentheses.