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. 2018 Mar 28;10(4):417. doi: 10.3390/nu10040417

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Average percentage of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) methylation across the promoter region and the percentage of methylation of each CpG unit within the promoter region of (A) Aqp1; (B) Tfpi2; (C) Ampd3; and (D) Gatm in the female placentas from dams in the 1X and 4X choline groups. Each CpG unit may contain more than one CpG site. Only CpG units with measurements that met the quality control criteria were included in the final analyses. One placenta (either male or female) from each dam (n = 3 dams per treatment, per fetal sex) was used, and each placenta was considered to be a statistical unit in the statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals. * p ≤ 0.05.

Average percentage of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) methylation across the promoter region and the percentage of methylation of each CpG unit within the promoter region of (A) Aqp1; (B) Tfpi2; (C) Ampd3; and (D) Gatm in the female placentas from dams in the 1X and 4X choline groups. Each CpG unit may contain more than one CpG site. Only CpG units with measurements that met the quality control criteria were included in the final analyses. One placenta (either male or female) from each dam (n = 3 dams per treatment, per fetal sex) was used, and each placenta was considered to be a statistical unit in the statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals. * p ≤ 0.05.