Table 1.

Studies of in ovo nutrients administration. BBM: brush border membrane.

Injected Substances	Aims	Injected Target	Infection Time	References
Extract of Laminaria species of seaweed	development of duodenum	air chamber	Day 12	[37]
Raffinose and stachyose	iron bioavailability, BBM functionality, gut microflora population	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[41]
Extract of chickpea and lentil, duck egg white peptides	calcium bioavailability, BBM functionality, gut microflora population	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[42]
Extract of beta-glucans, Transgalactooligosaccharides	hatchability, gut microflora population	air chamber	Day 12	[43]
Extract containing laminarin and fucoidan; Transgalactooligosaccharides from milk lactose	muscle, lipid oxidation of meat	air chamber	Day 12	[44]
Inulin, Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), Lactococcus lactis	transcriptomic prolife of spleen, cecal tonsils, and large intestine	air chamber	Day 12	[45]
Raffinose	gut health and immune system	air chamber	Day 12	[46]
Silybum marianum extract	immune system	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[47]
Inulin, Enterococcus faecium	BBM functionality, gut microflora population, short-chain fatty acid content	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[48]
Inulin, transgalactooligosaccharides, Lactococcus lactis	gut health and short-chain fatty acid content	air chamber	Day 12	[49]
Inulin, Lactococcus lactis	immune-related gene expression	air chamber	Day 12	[50]
Inulin, transgalactooligosaccharides, Lactococcus lactis	digestive potency of pancreas	air chamber	Day 12	[51]
Wheat prebiotics	iron bioavailability, gut microflora population	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[52]
Daidzein	BBM functionality, gut microflora population	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[53]
Inulin	iron bioavailability, gut functionality	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[54]
Raffinose, Lactococcus lactis	muscle fiber	air chamber	Day 12	[55]
Mannan oligosaccharides	small intestine development	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[56]
Dextrin, maltose, sucrose	mucin gene expression	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[57]
Zinc-methionine	zinc status, small intestine development	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[58]
β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate, Dextrin, maltose, sucrose	small intestine development	amniotic fluid	Day 17	[35]