Table 4.
Effects of additional dietary cholesterol from egg intake on lipoprotein particle profiles.
| Study/Population | Design | # Days | LDL Particles | Oxidized LDL | HDL Particles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight maintenance | |||||
| Ballesteros et al. 2004 [43]; Healthy children |
Crossover (n = 54): 2 eggs per day (518 mg cholesterol) vs. egg substitute | 30 | ↑Large LDL (+31% LDL-1 in hyper-) ↓Small LDL (−38% LDL-3 in hyper-) ↑LDL size |
ND * | ND |
| Herron et al. 2004 [61]; Healthy men/women |
Crossover (n = 52): 3 eggs per day (640 mg cholesterol) vs. egg substitute | 30 | ↑Large LDL (+13% LDL-1, +30% LDL-2 in women hyper-) | ↔ | ND |
| Greene et al. 2006 [62]; Healthy elderly men/women |
Crossover (n = 42): 3 eggs per day (640 mg cholesterol) vs. egg substitute | 30 | ↑Large LDL (+30% from baseline in hyper-) | ND | ↑Large HDL (+23% from baseline in hyper-) ↑HDL size |
| Ballesteros et al. 2015 [51]; Diabetic patients |
Crossover (n = 29): 1 egg per day (250 mg cholesterol) vs. oatmeal breakfast | 35 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Weight loss | |||||
| Mutungi et al. 2010 [63]; Overweight/obese men |
Parallel: 3 eggs per day (640 mg cholesterol) (n = 15) vs. egg substitute (n = 13) | 84 | ↑Large LDL (+42% from baseline) | ND | ↑Large HDL (+52% from baseline) ↑HDL size |
| Blesso et al. 2013 [55]; Metabolic syndrome men/women |
Parallel: 3 eggs per day (640 mg cholesterol) (n = 20) vs. egg substitute (n = 17) | 84 | ↑Large LDL (+22% from baseline) | ↔ | ↑Large HDL (+30% from baseline) ↑HDL size |
* ND, not determined. Hyper- = hyper-responders; # = number of days of intervention; ↔ = no change relative to control, ↑ = increase relative to control; ↓ = decrease relative to control.