Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by cognitive status (n = 1504) a.
| Characteristics | Cognitive Impairment | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| No. of participants | 1214 | 290 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67.8 (6.2) | 72.9 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Female | 563 (48.4) | 152 (54.9) | 0.10 |
| Formal education level (years) | |||
| 0 | 99 (8.2) | 55 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| 1–6 | 614 (50.6) | 120 (41.4) | |
| >6 | 501 (41.3) | 115 (39.7) | |
| Marital status | 1034 (85.2) | 223 (76.9) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 282 (23.2) | 48 (16. 6) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol drinking | 188 (15.5) | 25 (8.6) | 0.002 |
| Lower physical activities | 784 (64.6) | 216 (74.5) | 0.001 |
| Energy intake | 1544.2 (719.2) | 1318.5 (686.4) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 131(10.8) | 38 (13.1) | 0.26 |
| Hypertension | 746 (61.5) | 173 (59.7) | 0.57 |
| Diabetes | 147 (12. 1) | 35 (12.1) | 0.99 |
| ADL disability | 210 (17.4) | 115 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 132 (10.9) | 22 (7.6) | 0.10 |
| High triglyceride | 181 (14.9) | 37 (12.8) | 0.35 |
| High cholesterol | 75 (6.2) | 13 (4.5) | 0.27 |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; a Data are shown as n (%) for categorical variables, including female, formal education level, marital status, current smoking, alcohol drinking, lower physical activities, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, ADL disability, obesity, high triglyceride, and high cholesterol; and shown as mean (SD) for continuous variables, including age and energy intake.