Table 2.

Substance Use Disorder criteria, adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) [1].

Impaired Control Consuming a substance in greater amounts or over longer periods of time than intended. Having a persistent desire or unsuccessfully attempting to decrease or limit substance use. Spending a significant amount of time acquiring, using, or recovering from a substance. Craving the substance or having a strong urge to use it.

Social Impairment 5.Being unable to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home due to use of a substance. 6.Continually using a substance despite its effects causing or exacerbating persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems. 7.Giving up or reducing social, occupational, or recreational activities due to substance use.

Risky Use 8.Continually using a substance in situations in which it is physically dangerous (e.g., driving under the influence of a substance). 9.Continually using a substance despite physical or psychological problems that are caused or made worse by the substance use.

Pharmacological Criteria 10.Needing a substantially higher dose of the substance to achieve the desired effect; or experiencing a substantially reduced effect of the substance when the usual dose is consumed (i.e., tolerance). 11.Experiencing negative physical and psychological symptoms when the substance is not consumed at the typical dose or frequency (i.e., withdrawal).

Note. To meet DSM-5 criteria for a substance use disorder, clinical distress or impairment must be evidenced by two or more of the above symptoms within a 12-month period. Severity is classified as mild (2–3 symptoms), moderate (4–5 symptoms), or severe (≥6 symptoms).