Table A2.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies.
| Was a Random or Pseudo Random Sample Used? | Was the Inclusion Criteria Clearly Defined? | Were Confounding Factors Identified and Control Strategies Stated? | Were Outcomes Assessed Using Objective Criteria? | Was There Sufficient Description of the Groups? | Is There a Description of Withdrawals and Drop-Outs? | Are the Methods of Statistical Analysis Described? | Is the Source of Financial Support Described? | Is There a Description of Investigators and Assessors, with Possible Conflicts of Interest? | Quality Score [Y/(N + UC)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams (2015) [41] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | All Ys |
| Burmeister (2013) [62] | N | Y | UC | Y | N/A | Y | Y | N | N | 1 |
| Cambridge (2013) [40] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | All Ys |
| Colantuoni (2001) [47] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 8 |
| Cornelis (2016) [69] | N | Y | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| Daubenmier (2014) [53] | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | N | 3.5 |
| Davis (2011) [39] | N | Y | UC | Y | Y | UC | Y | N | N | 0.8 |
| Davis (2013) [49] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | 3.5 |
| Davis (2014) [50] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | 3.5 |
| De Ridder (2016) [58] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | N | Y | 2 |
| Duarte (2014) [54] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 8 |
| Feldstein Ewing (2017) [59] | N | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N | Y | Y | Y | 3 |
| Fowler (2014) [70] | UC | Y | Y | Y | UC | N | UC | Y | Y | 1.25 |
| Franken (2016) [60] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 3.5 |
| Furlong (2014) [42] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | All Ys |
| Gearhardt (2011) [12] | UC | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | 2 |
| Imperatori (2015) [57] | UC | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | N | Y | 2 |
| Johnson (2010) [48] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| Konkolÿ Thege (2015) [5] | N | N | UC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 2 |
| Le Merrer (2006) [51] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | 2 |
| Lenoir (2007) [43] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | All Ys |
| Lent (2012) [63] | N | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3 |
| Mangabeira (2015) [65] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | N | 3.5 |
| Markus (2017) [44] | N | N | Y | Y | N | UC | Y | Y | Y | 1.25 |
| Mary Brown (2015) [55] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| McGee (2010) [68] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 8 |
| Merlo (2009) [18] | N | Y | UC | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | N | 1.25 |
| Newman (2013) [52] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| Pérez-Ortiz (2016) [56] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 8 |
| Pickering (2009) [66] | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 3.5 |
| Schulte (2015) [13] | N | N | Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3 |
| Sharma (2013) [46] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| Spring (2008) [64] | N | Y | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | Y | N | 1.67 |
| Tuomisto (1999) [61] | Y | UC | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 2 |
| Yakovenko (2011) [67] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | UC | Y | Y | N | 3.5 |
N = No, Y = Yes, UC = Unclear, N/A = Non-Applicable.