Table 1.
Bioactive compounds, anti-nutritional factors, and chemical composition of oil-seeds from bio-oil processing (canola seeds): Comparison of crusher plants within Canada and within China as well as between Canada and China.
| Items | Crusher Plants within Canada | Crusher Plants within China | Overall | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | * SEM | p-Value | A | B | C | D | E | SEM | p-Value | Canada | China | SEM | p-Value | |
| Basic chemical | ||||||||||||||||||
| ** DM (%) | 93.08 b | 94.70 a | 92.94 b | 91.91 c | 91.66 c | 0.181 | <0.001 | 92.14 a | 91.96 a | 92.12 a | 92.22 a | 91.45 b | 0.087 | <0.001 | 92.86 a | 91.98 b | 0.217 | 0.008 |
| Ash (%DM) | 3.98 a | 3.72 b | 4.00 a | 3.83 a,b | 3.73 b | 0.052 | 0.007 | 3.73 | 3.82 | 3.82 | 3.84 | 3.86 | 0.042 | 0.293 | 3.85 | 3.81 | 0.030 | 0.393 |
| EE (%DM) | 43.19 | 42.58 | 45.32 | 45.22 | 43.58 | 1.315 | 0.510 | 42.33 | 46.27 | 45.32 | 43.65 | 44.47 | 0.969 | 0.115 | 43.98 | 44.41 | 0.547 | 0.582 |
| FA (%DM) | 42.19 | 41.58 | 44.32 | 44.22 | 42.58 | 1.315 | 0.510 | 41.33 | 45.27 | 44.32 | 42.65 | 43.47 | 0.969 | 0.115 | 42.98 | 43.41 | 0.547 | 0.582 |
| Protein profile | ||||||||||||||||||
| CP (%DM) | 23.17 | 21.95 | 22.83 | 21.92 | 22.02 | 0.325 | 0.062 | 22.35 a | 21.48 b | 22.14 a,b | 22.16 a,b | 22.02 a,b | 0.166 | 0.035 | 22.38 | 22.03 | 0.149 | 0.110 |
| SCP (%DM) | 11.27 a,b,c | 9.67 c | 10.81 b,c | 12.22 a,b | 12.81 a | 0.351 | <0.001 | 13.51 | 12.72 | 13.46 | 11.79 | 12.98 | 0.857 | 0.628 | 11.36 b | 12.89 a | 0.344 | 0.004 |
| SCP (%CP) | 48.64 b | 44.06 b | 47.38 b | 55.71 a | 58.20 a | 1.261 | <0.001 | 60.50 | 59.20 | 60.78 | 53.08 | 58.96 | 3.760 | 0.613 | 50.80 b | 58.50 a | 1.552 | 0.002 |
| NPN (%DM) | 8.68 | 8.30 | 8.24 | 8.10 | 6.62 | 0.820 | 0.482 | 5.34 | 5.32 | 2.70 | 3.18 | 2.95 | 0.985 | 0.206 | 7.99 a | 3.90 b | 0.430 | <0.001 |
| NPN (%CP) | 37.44 | 37.84 | 36.13 | 36.89 | 30.10 | 3.641 | 0.572 | 23.88 | 24.87 | 12.17 | 14.29 | 13.40 | 4.576 | 0.207 | 35.68 a | 17.72 b | 1.951 | <0.001 |
| NPN (%SCP) | 76.96 a,b | 85.87 a | 76.12 a,b | 66.15 a,b | 51.86 b | 6.075 | 0.024 | 40.15 | 43.33 | 20.19 | 26.55 | 22.91 | 8.743 | 0.294 | 71.39 a | 30.63 b | 4.002 | <0.001 |
| NDICP (%DM) | 2.61 a | 2.65 a | 2.29 b | 2.27 b | 1.98 c | 0.060 | <0.001 | 2.04 | 2.07 | 2.01 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 0.111 | 0.981 | 2.36 a | 2.03 b | 0.058 | <0.001 |
| NDICP (%CP) | 11.26 a,b | 12.09 a | 10.04 b,c | 10.37 b,c | 9.00 c | 0.305 | 0.001 | 9.14 | 9.67 | 9.10 | 9.14 | 9.01 | 0.523 | 0.904 | 10.55 a | 9.21 b | 0.261 | 0.001 |
| ADICP (%DM) | 1.20 a | 1.10 a,b | 0.95 b | 1.18 a | 1.14 a | 0.034 | 0.003 | 1.04 b | 1.19 a | 1.17 a,b | 1.22 a | 1.17 a,b | 0.032 | 0.017 | 1.11 | 1.16 | 0.024 | 0.207 |
| ADICP (%CP) | 5.18 a | 5.04 a | 4.16 b | 5.41 a | 5.16 a | 0.184 | 0.006 | 4.64 b | 5.54 a | 5.29 a,b | 5.52 a | 5.34 a,b | 0.159 | 0.015 | 4.99 | 5.27 | 0.121 | 0.121 |
| Carbohydrate profile | ||||||||||||||||||
| CHO (%DM) | 29.66 | 31.76 | 27.85 | 29.04 | 30.67 | 1.436 | 0.413 | 31.50 | 28.52 | 28.72 | 30.34 | 29.66 | 0.958 | 0.240 | 29.79 | 29.75 | 0.566 | 0.956 |
| Sugar (%DM) | 4.72 | 4.53 | 5.40 | 5.97 | 5.89 | 0.476 | 0.185 | 7.67 | 5.76 | 7.30 | 5.99 | 5.42 | 1.020 | 0.474 | 5.30 b | 6.43 a | 0.362 | 0.037 |
| Sugar (%NFC) | 30.96 a,b | 28.10 b | 38.73 a,b | 44.05 a | 36.44 a,b | 3.061 | 0.029 | 42.62 | 42.65 | 52.26 | 39.78 | 37.37 | 5.979 | 0.502 | 35.66 b | 42.94 a | 2.297 | 0.033 |
| NDF (%DM) | 16.94 | 18.07 | 16.18 | 17.68 | 16.46 | 0.533 | 0.137 | 15.93 | 16.71 | 16.67 | 17.34 | 17.04 | 0.712 | 0.703 | 17.06 | 16.74 | 0.288 | 0.428 |
| ADF (%DM) | 12.43 | 12.77 | 12.16 | 13.20 | 12.16 | 0.371 | 0.295 | 11.76 | 12.26 | 11.38 | 11.85 | 12.09 | 0.372 | 0.542 | 12.54 a | 11.87 b | 0.169 | 0.009 |
| ADF (%NDF) | 73.34 | 70.90 | 75.21 | 74.70 | 73.89 | 2.001 | 0.607 | 74.09 | 73.32 | 68.27 | 68.57 | 71.02 | 1.810 | 0.148 | 73.61 | 71.05 | 0.896 | 0.053 |
| ADL (%DM) | 5.48 b | 5.82 a,b | 4.99 b | 6.58 a | 5.80 a,b | 0.193 | 0.002 | 5.29 | 6.11 | 6.36 | 5.97 | 5.78 | 0.258 | 0.116 | ||||
| ADL (%NDF) | 32.37 a,b | 32.31 a,b | 30.82 b | 37.22 a | 35.24 a,b | 1.282 | 0.032 | 33.24 | 36.72 | 38.14 | 34.59 | 33.92 | 1.630 | 0.254 | 33.61 | 35.32 | 0.787 | 0.136 |
| Hemicellulose (%DM) | 4.51 | 5.30 | 4.01 | 4.48 | 4.31 | 0.455 | 0.403 | 4.17 | 4.45 | 5.29 | 5.49 | 4.95 | 0.478 | 0.317 | 4.52 | 4.87 | 0.216 | 0.263 |
| Cellulose (%DM) | 6.95 | 6.95 | 7.18 | 6.62 | 6.35 | 0.272 | 0.296 | 6.46 | 6.15 | 5.03 | 5.87 | 6.31 | 0.438 | 0.230 | 6.81 a | 5.96 b | 0.177 | 0.002 |
| NFC (%DM) | 15.33 | 16.34 | 13.97 | 13.63 | 16.18 | 1.208 | 0.423 | 17.62 | 13.89 | 14.06 | 15.03 | 14.60 | 0.838 | 0.060 | 15.09 | 15.04 | 0.514 | 0.943 |
| NFC (%CHO) | 51.69 | 50.97 | 49.89 | 46.98 | 52.79 | 2.003 | 0.360 | 55.84 | 48.58 | 48.91 | 49.62 | 49.19 | 1.764 | 0.073 | 50.46 | 50.43 | 0.957 | 0.982 |
| NSC (%DM) | 4.72 | 4.53 | 5.40 | 5.97 | 5.89 | 0.476 | 0.185 | 7.67 | 5.76 | 7.30 | 5.99 | 5.42 | 1.020 | 0.474 | 5.30 b | 6.43 a | 0.362 | 0.037 |
Notes: * SEM, standard error of the mean. ** DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; FA, fatty acid; CP, crude protein; SCP, soluble crude protein; NPN, non-protein nitrogen; NDICP, neutral detergent-insoluble crude protein; ADICP, acid detergent-insoluble crude protein; CHO, total carbohydrate; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; Hemicellulose = NDF − ADF; Cellulose =ADF − ADL; NFC, non-fiber carbohydrate; NSC, non-structural carbohydrate. Means in the same row with different letters (a,b,c) differ significantly (p < 0.05).