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NR JJA average absolute momentum flux at ∼15km. The solid line is the 0.13 mm h−1 precipitation rate contour, and the dashed line is the 0.015 K2 (100, km)−2h−1 frontogenesis function contour. The dotted-dashed contour indicates where the precipitation rate exceeds 10 mm h−1 for 0.2% of the time. Stippling is on the inside of the contours. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com].
