Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants and their pregnancy outcomes
| Referred to clinic (Rx) | Not referred to clinic (NoRx) | Decoys | Sig GDM vs Decoyb | Sig referred to clinic vs not referred to clinic at Bookingc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N Baseline/ Outcomes | 11/11 | 10/9 a | 58/56 | ||
| Age | 29(5) | 30(7) | 28(5) | 0.181 | 0.746 |
| Non Europid | 4 (36.4%) | 5(50%) | 30(51.7%) | 0.486 | 0.528 |
| University degree | 2 (18.2%) | 1(10%) | 11(19%) | 0.630 | 0.593 |
| Family History of Diabetes | 4 (36.4%) | 3(30%) | 25(43.1%) | 0.435 | 0.757 |
| Smoker | 0 (0%) | 2(20%) | 9(15.5%) | 0.497 | 0.119 |
| Gestation on entry (weeks) | 17.0(2.1) | 15.7(3.1) | 15.3(2.5) | 0.114 | 0.277 |
| Gestation at OGTT (weeks) | 18.5(1.2) | 17.5(1.8) | 17.5(2.0) | 0.307 | 0.173 |
| Systolic BP(mmHg) | 111(11) | 101(8) | 106(12) | 0.857 | 0.029 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 64(7) | 63(9) | 64(9) | 0.837 | 0.693 |
| Height (cm) | 164(6) | 164(8) | 163(8) | 0.790 | 0.948 |
| Weight (kg) | 87.2(23.7) | 89.9(26.4) | 77.8(20.9) | 0.057 | 0.807 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.3 (7.8) | 33(7.0) | 28.9(6.6) | 0.034 | 0.824 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1(0.4) | 5.2(0.3) | 4.6(0.3) | < 0.001 | 0.464 |
| 1 h glucose (mmol/L) | 8.0(1.7) (n = 10) | 8.4(1.6) | 6.7(1.4) | < 0.001 | 0.602 |
| 2 h glucose (mmol/L) | 7.0(1.9) (n = 10) | 6.8(1.7) | 5.6(1.2) | 0.001 | 0.790 |
| Maternal Fasting Insulin (pmol/L) | 118.2 | 122.4 (n = 9) | 59.8 (n = 53) | < 0.001 | 0.910 |
| Maternal Fasting Cpeptide (pmol/L) | 426.5 | 686.9 (n = 9) | 412.1 (n = 53) | 0.190 | 0.379 |
| Maternal Fasting Adiponectin(μg/mL) | 7.2(2.4) | 9.5(2.9) (n = 9) | 12.1(7.5) (n = 53) | 0.028 | 0.071 |
| Maternal Fasting Triglyceride(mmol/L) | 1.8(0.6) | 1.9(0.5) (n = 9) | 1.7(0.7) (n = 51) | 0.370 | 0.748 |
| Maternal Fasting Leptin(ng/mL) | 57.6(30.0) | 69.4(25.0) (n = 9) | 46.1(25.4) (n = 53) | 0.016 | 0.360 |
| Maternal Fasting 3 BHB(μmol/L) | 96.9 | 98.3 (n = 9) | 64.0 (n = 53) | 0.002 | 0.950 |
| GDM at 24–28/40 | – | 8/9 a(89%) | 11/56(19.6%) | ||
| Insulin and/or metformin | 4/11 (36%) | 4/10(40%) | 3/11(27.3%) | 0.443 | 0.864 |
| Gestation at birth (weeks) | 38.7(1.4) | 39.2(0.6) | 38.5(2.2) | 0.440 | 0.326 |
| Gestational weight gain | 5.3(3.7) | 8.1(2.5) | 10.4(5.3) | 0.001 | 0.074 |
| Pre-eclampsia/pregnancy induced hypertension | 3(27%) | 0(0%) | 6(10.7%) | 0.664 | 0.089 |
| Male baby | 6(55%) | 6(67%) | 22(39%) | 0.160 | 0.582 |
| Induction of labour | 7(64%) | 3(33%) | 9(16%) | 0.001 | 0.178 |
| Emergency CS Elective CS | 4(36%) 1(9%) | 1(11%) 2(22%) | 7(13%) 14(25%) | 0.236 0.313 | 0.194 0.413 |
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission | 4(36%) | 0(0%) | 8(14.3%) | 0.608 | 0.043 |
| Heelprick Blood glucose (mmol/l) |
3.0(0.7) (n = 9) |
3.3(0.8) (n = 8) |
3.1(1.0) (n = 46) |
0.995 | 0.515 |
| Neonatal Glucose % ≤ 2.2 mmol/l | 1/9 (11%) | 1/8(13%) | 6/46(13%) | 0.834 | 0.929 |
| Weight of baby (g) | 3055(758) | 3552(743) | 3339(682) | 0.873 | 0.159 |
| Average Centile | 46(39) | 57(35) | 56(34) | 0.801 | 0.531 |
| <10th Centile | 3(27%) | 0(0%) | 5(8.9%) | 0.493 | 0.089 |
| >90th Centile | 0 | 3(33%) | 14(25%) | 0.583 | 0.030 |
aOne woman withdrew and was referred for treatment: she consented to data being collected and is included in the GDM vs Decoy comparison but not the Referred vs Not Referred comparison
bSig GDM vs Decoy = significance of difference between all women with and without GDM at booking
cSig referred to clinic vs not referred to clinic at Booking = significance of difference between women with GDM at booking who were or were not referred to clinic
Mean APGAR 1 min and 5 min =9(1); Not referred: one shoulder dystocia
Statistically significant comparisons shown in italics