Table 1.
Individual Characteristics, Service Use, and Outcomes by Racial Group (N = 123 233).
| Total |
White |
Black |
Hispanic |
Asian/PI |
Other/UK |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 123 233 | n = 70 660 | n = 19 499 | n = 19 065 | n = 10 247 | n = 3762 | |
| Racial category, % of total | 100.0 | 57.3 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 8.3 | 5.7 |
| Female, % | 62.4 | 58.4 | 70.6 | 69.6 | 61.3 | 62.1 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 77.3 (7.3) | 78.0 (7.3) | 76.4 (7.4) | 76.2 (7.0) | 77.0 (6.9) | 76.1 (6.8) |
| Age category, % | ||||||
| 65-74 | 40.1 | 35.9 | 47.2 | 46.7 | 40.1 | 47.4 |
| 75-84 | 42.2 | 43.9 | 37.2 | 39.7 | 45.0 | 40.2 |
| 85+ | 17.8 | 20.2 | 15.7 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 12.5 |
| Dually eligible, % | 46.4 | 32.1 | 45.4 | 75.6 | 81.8 | 76.0 |
| Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 6.2 (2.4) | 6.5 (2.4) | 5.7 (2.3) | 5.9 (2.4) | 5.6 (2.1) | 6.6 (2.6) |
| Selected chronic conditions | ||||||
| Hypertension, % | 81.6 | 79.1 | 85.0 | 85.5 | 83.5 | 87.0 |
| Heart failure, % | 33.9 | 36.8 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 20.1 | 39.2 |
| Chronic kidney disease, % | 18.4 | 16.9 | 22.6 | 19.4 | 19.1 | 18.7 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % | 11.7 | 13.1 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 11.8 |
| Asthma, % | 7.5 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 12.9 | 7.4 | 6.8 |
| Ischemic heart disease, % | 62.4 | 67.7 | 52.0 | 55.7 | 55.5 | 68.9 |
| Alzheimer disease/related dementias, % | 16.2 | 15.6 | 17.3 | 18.4 | 12.2 | 20.4 |
| Depression, % | 11.7 | 13.3 | 6.4 | 13.9 | 5.0 | 16.8 |
| Arthritis (rheumatoid or osteoarthritis), % | 43.7 | 46.6 | 34.2 | 41.3 | 42.2 | 53.6 |
| Selected service use and outcome measures | ||||||
| No. of E&M visits (E&M) in 2008, mean, SD | 13.9 (12.7) | 15.9 (13.6) | 9.7 (9.2) | 10.6 (9.7) | 14.1 (12.2) | 17.0 (15.7) |
| No. of E&M visits, median | 11.0 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 |
| No E&M visits in 2008, % | 6.4 | 3.8 | 12.8 | 10.7 | 3.9 | 5.7 |
| Had at least one ACSC hospitalization in 2009, % | 10.1 | 9.2 | 12.2 | 12.8 | 7.1 | 9.5 |
Note. All differences by race were significant at P < .0001. PI = Pacific Islander; UK = Unknown; SD = standard deviation; E&M = Evaluation & Management; ACSC = ambulatory care–sensitive condition.