Table 1.
Characteristics Associated With the 2-Year Risk of Hip Fracture in the Final Combined FRAiL Model for Men and Women, as Shown in the Derivation Cohort (N = 419,668)
| Resident Characteristics | Mean* (SD) or Number (%) of Residents | β Coefficient (SE) | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years* (per 5 y increment) | 83.9 (8.3) | 0.025 (0.006) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| Female | 299,794 (71.4) | 0.21 (0.02) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.29) |
| Race | |||
| White | 349,500 (83.3) | REF | REF |
| Black | 53,669 (12.8) | −0.57 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.53, 0.60) |
| Hispanic | 7,375 (1.8) | −0.038 (0.07) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.10) |
| Asian | 3,881 (0.9) | −0.46 (0.11) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.78) |
| Native American | 1,735 (0.4) | 0.18 (0.12) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.51) |
| Other/Unknown | 3,508 (0.8) | −0.18 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) |
| Cognitive Performance Score* (per 1 point increase in CPS) | 2.5 (1.4) | 0.029 (0.007) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| ADL Hierarchy Scale | |||
| Independent or Mild Dependence (0–2) | 132,670 (31.6) | REF | REF |
| Extensive assistance 1†(3) | 112,492 (26.8) | 0.0068 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) |
| Extensive assistance 2‡(4) | 79,098 (18.8) | −0.15 (0.03) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) |
| Dependent (5) | 80,226 (19.1) | −0.30 (0.04) | 0.74 (0.69, 0.81) |
| Total Dependence (6) | 15,176 (3.6) | −0.51 (0.0.10) | 0.60 (0.50, 0.73) |
| Locomotion in Room | |||
| Independent or supervision | 132,228 (31.5) | REF | REF |
| Limited Assistance | 69,023 (16.4) | −0.22 (0.03) | 0.80 (0.76, 0.85) |
| Extensive Assistance | 49,324 (11.8) | −0.37 (0.04) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.75) |
| Total Dependence | 169,077 (40.3) | −0.73 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.45, 0.52) |
| Bladder continence | |||
| Mostly continent | 209,119 (49.8) | REF | REF |
| Frequent incontinence | 85,363 (20.3) | −0.16 (0.02) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) |
| Total incontinence | 125,170 (29.8) | −0.28 (0.03) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.80) |
| Previous fall | 167,381 (39.9) | 0.25 (0.02) | 1.28 (1.24, 1.33) |
| Transfer Performance | |||
| Independent or supervision | 124,021 (29.6) | REF | REF |
| Limited Assistance | 83,644 (19.9) | −0.044 (0.03) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.01) |
| Extensive Assistance | 144,313 (34.4) | −0.28 (0.04) | 0.76 (0.70, 0.82) |
| Total Dependence | 67,686 (16.1) | −0.52 (0.06) | 0.60 (0.53, 0.67) |
| Easily distracted | 74,316 (17.7) | 0.07 (0.02) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) |
| Wandering | 36,875 (8.9) | 0.28 (0.03) | 1.32 (1.26, 1.39) |
| Osteoarthritis | 73,738 (17.6) | −0.04 (0.02) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) |
| BMI* (per kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 6.2 | −0.056 (0.002) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.95) |
| Pressure ulcer (any stage vs none) | 27,690 (6.7) | −0.17 (0.05) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) |
| Diabetes | 119,490 (28.5) | 0.08 (0.02) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) |
| Medications | |||
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | 105,838 (25.2) | 0.091 (0.02) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.14) |
| Alpha blockers | 31,362 (7.5) | −0.11 (0.04) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) |
| Antidepressants—SSRI | 113,047 (26.9) | 0.092 (0.02) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) |
| Benzodiazepines | 81,356 (19.4) | 0.11 (0.02) | 1.11 (1.07, 1.16) |
Note: ADL = Activities of daily living; BMI = Body mass index; CPS = Cognitive Performance Scale; kg = Kilograms; m2 = Meters squared; REF = Reference; SD = Standard deviation; SSRI = Selection serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*Mean (SD). †At least extensive assistance in personal hygiene or toilet use, and less than extensive in both eating and locomotion. ‡At least extensive assistance, but not total dependence, in eating or locomotion