Table 2.
Metabolic measures quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in heart failure hospitalisation (HFH) vs. no HFH in PROSPER
| Metabolite or lipoprotein measure | No HFH (n = 5159) | HFH (n = 182) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apolipoprotein A1 (g/L) | 1.54 (1.44–1.65) | 1.49 (1.40–1.60) | <0.001 |
| Concentration of medium HDL particles (nmol/L) | 1.77 (1.59–1.97) | 1.64 (1.48–1.88) | <0.001 |
| Concentration of small HDL particles (nmol/L) | 4.40 (4.17–4.66) | 4.30 (3.99–4.58) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 71.00 (60.50–82.90) | 76.70 (64.10–96.10) | <0.001 |
| Glycoprotein acetyls (mmol/L) | 1.27 (1.18–1.38) | 1.32 (1.22–1.42) | <0.001 |
| Phenylalanine (mmol/L) | 45.10 (40.70–49.80) | 47.85 (43.30–52.40) | <0.001 |
| Phospholipids in HDL (μmol/L) | 1.32 (1.16–1.52) | 1.25 (1.10–1.44) | <0.001 |
| Esterified cholesterol (%) | 71.35 (70.05–72.55) | 70.94 (69.44–72.00) | 0.001 |
| Mean diameter for LDL particles (nm) | 23.70 (23.60–23.70) | 23.70 (23.60–23.70) | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol in HDL2 (mmol/L) | 0.83 (0.68–1.03) | 0.76 (0.64–0.95) | 0.003 |
| Total cholesterol in HDL (mmol/L) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) | 1.24 (1.10–1.44) | 0.004 |
| 3‐Hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L) | 0.10 (0.07–0.15) | 0.12 (0.08–0.17) | 0.011 |
| Total phospholipids (μmol/L) | 2.65 (2.41–2.90) | 2.59 (2.34–2.87) | 0.014 |
| Citrate (μmol/l) | 96.80 (81.40–112.00) | 99.85 (85.10–117.00) | 0.032 |
| Ratio of omega‐3 fatty acids to total fatty acids | 3.81 (3.35–4.42) | 3.64 (3.29–4.23) | 0.033 |
| Concentration of large HDL particles (nmol/L) | 1.00 (0.76–1.29) | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | 0.034 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.33 (1.80–3.39) | 2.44 (1.94–3.84) | 0.04 |
| Acetate (mmol/L) | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.046 |
Values are expressed as median and interquartile range. Only metabolite and lipoprotein measures that are significantly different between HFH vs. no HFH are shown (P < 0.05) (see supplementary material online, Table S1, for metabolite and lipoprotein measures not significantly different between HFH and no HFH). Measures shown in order of ascending P‐value; those ≤0.014 are shown in bold, notionally significant after correcting for false discovery using the Benjamini and Hochberg method and a false discovery rate of 0.1.
HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.