Figure 1.

RNA motifs and interactions with trans‐acting factors. Schematic representation of translational regulation mediated by the binding of trans‐acting factors (in grey) to cis‐acting elements along the pseudo‐circularized messenger RNA. Terminal oligopyrimidine motifs (TOPs), internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and uORFs in the 5′ UTR; and miRNA‐responsive (MREs), AU‐rich (AREs) and cytoplasmic polyadenylation (CPEs) elements in the 3′ UTR, are known to either stimulate or inhibit cellular protein synthesis. AUG indicates the start of the ORF