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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 11.
Published in final edited form as: Discov Med. 2015 Oct;20(110):177–184.

Figure 1. Signaling pathways driving inflammation.

Figure 1

TRL, RAGE, and IL-1 all initiate their inflammatory effects though MYD88 with subsequent action though members of the IRAK family that activate TRAF6. TNF-α can simulate the cell in both its soluble and membrane bound form by activating TNFR1 and TNFR2 respectively. TNFR1 ligand binding results in a conformational change leading to the recruitment of TRADD, RIP1, TRAF2, and CIAP1/2. Ligand binding to TNFR2 results in the recruitment of similar down stream factors. All five of these receptor pathways converge on NF-κβ and MAPK activation to induce their inflammatory and catabolic effects.