Table 2.
Results of a multilevel liner regression analysis investigating the association between urbanization and center adiposity in China (1993 – 2011)
| Adult participants (46,665 obs) | Child participants (9,423 obs) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| coef. (95%CI) | p-value | coef. (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Urbanization index (1) | 0.002 (0.000 to 0.004) | 0.021 | −0.006 (−0.009 to −0.003) | 0.001 |
| Wave (ref. wave 1993) | ||||
| 1997 | 0.009 (0.007 to 0.010) | < 0.001 | 0.006 (0.002 to 0.009) | 0.003 |
| 2000 | 0.015 (0.013 to 0.017) | < 0.001 | 0.006 (0.002 to 0.010) | 0.001 |
| 2004 | 0.019 (0.017 to 0.021) | < 0.001 | 0.008 (0.004 to 0.012) | < 0.001 |
| 2006 | 0.019 (0.017 to 0.021) | < 0.001 | 0.005 (0.001 to 0.009) | 0.028 |
| 2009 | 0.024 (0.022 to 0.026) | < 0.001 | 0.008 (0.003 to 0.012) | 0.001 |
| 2011 | 0.030 (0.028 to 0.032) | < 0.001 | 0.014 (0.009 to 0.018) | < 0.001 |
| Urbanization × Wave | ||||
| 1997 | 0.003 (0.001 to 0.005) | 0.001 | 0.002 (−0.001 to 0.006) | 0.208 |
| 2000 | 0.002 (0.000 to 0.004) | 0.008 | 0.005 (0.001 to 0.008) | 0.015 |
| 2004 | −0.000 (−0.002 to 0.001) | 0.853 | 0.004 (0.000 to 0.008) | 0.046 |
| 2006 | −0.001 (−0.003 to 0.000) | 0.099 | 0.006 (0.002 to 0.010) | 0.003 |
| 2009 | −0.003 (−0.004 to −0.001) | 0.001 | 0.007 (0.002 to 0.011) | 0.003 |
| 2011 | −0.003 (−0.005 to −0.002) | < 0.001 | 0.007 (0.003 to 0.012) | 0.002 |
| Age | 0.002 (0.002 to 0.002) | < 0.001 | −0.001 (−0.001 to −0.000) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.009 (0.007 to 0.011) | < 0.001 | −0.005 (−0.007 to −0.003) | < 0.001 |
| Education (ref. primary school) | ||||
| Junior high | −0.002 (−0.003 to 0.000) | 0.077 | 0.003 (−0.004 to 0.010) | 0.388 |
| High | −0.003 (−0.005 to −0.001) | 0.002 | 0.004 (−0.003 to 0.011) | 0.267 |
| Post-secondary | −0.008 (−0.010 to −0.005) | < 0.001 | 0.006 (−0.001 to 0.013) | 0.076 |
| Missing | −0.000 (−0.005 to 0.004) | 0.409 | 0.009 (−0.010 to 0.027) | 0.361 |
| Household income (ref. Low) (2) | ||||
| Middle | −0.000 (−0.001 to 0.001) | 0.639 | −0.000 (−0.002 to 0.002) | 0.976 |
| High | 0.001 (−0.000 to 0.002) | 0.096 | 0.002 (−0.001 to 0.005) | 0.123 |
| Missing | 0.002 (−0.002 to 0.005) | 0.409 | −0.008 (−0.015 to −0.000) | 0.050 |
(1)
The urbanization index was standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, with a higher value indicating more urbanized community environment.
(2)
Household income was divided by square root of the number of household members and categorized into tertiles (low, middle and high).